Lake Pátzcuaro

Lake Pátzcuaro (Spanish: Lago de Pátzcuaro) is a lake in the municipality of Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico.

Lake Pátzcuaro
Pátzcuaro Lake
Lago de Pátzcuaro
View from Janitzio Island
Lake Pátzcuaro
Pátzcuaro Lake
Lago de Pátzcuaro
LocationPátzcuaro, Michoacán
Coordinates19°38′N 101°38′W
Basin countriesMexico
IslandsJaracuaro, Uranden, Janitzio, Pacanda, Yunuen, Tecuena
SettlementsPátzcuaro, Erongarícuaro, Quiroga, Tzintzuntzan
Official nameHumedales del Lago de Pátzcuaro
Designated2 February 2005
Reference no.1447[1]

Lake Pátzcuaro lies in an endorheic basin, which does not drain to the sea. A watershed area of 929 square kilometres drains into the lake, of which 126.4 are the water body. The Lake Pátzcuaro watershed extends 50 kilometres east-west and 33 kilometres from north to south. Lake Pátzcuaro lies at an elevation of 1,920 metres, and is the center of the basin and is surrounded by volcanic mountains with very steep slopes. It has an average depth of 5 metres and a maximum of 11. Its volume is approximately 580 million cubic metres.[2]

The Lake Pátzcuaro basin is of volcanic origin. At times it has been part of an open and continuous hydrological system formed by Lake Cuitzeo, Pátzcuaro and Lake Zirahuén, which drained into the Lerma River. Today, like lakes Cuitzeo and Zirahuén, it is a closed basin, although ecologists consider it a sub-basin of the Lerma-Chapala basin.[2]

Wetlands

The lake is surrounded by extensive wetlands, which have been designated as a Ramsar site since 2005.[1] Cattails and other reedy vegetation are the dominant wetland vegetation, in dense stands over 2 meters tall. Typical wetland plant genera include Typha, Scirpus, Eleocharis, and Cyperus. The dominant species of aquatic vegetation are Potamogeton illinoensis, Scirpus pectinatus, tule (Typha latifolia), T. dominguensis, and Nymphaea mexicana.[3]

The wetlands are extremely important for birds, both year-round inhabitants and migrating waterfowl. Close to 200 species inhabit the wetlands, including some endemic species such as the black-polled yellowthroat (Geothlypis speciosa). Two native species have not been observed recently; the yellow rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) has not been seen since 1964 and may be locally extinct, and the endemic slender-billed grackle (Quiscalus palustris) is presumed extinct.

The Lake Pátzcuaro salamander (Ambystoma dumerilii) is endemic to the basin. Among other aquatic or semi-aquatic animals, several are largely or entirely restricted to the Lake Pátzcuaro system, such as the rough-footed mud turtle of the subspecies tarascense,[4] the essentially harmless Mexican garter snake of the subspecies patzcuaroensis,[5] the fish Pátzcuaro chub (Algansea lacustris) and Pátzcuaro allotoca (Allotoca diazi),[6] and the dwarf crayfish Cambarellus patzcuarensis.[7]

The lake and its surrounding wetlands have undergone significant environmental changes over the past 50 years. logging and agriculture in the surrounding watershed have contributed to siltation of the lake (1 cm / year - 1.2 million cubic meters / year), and water diversion for agriculture and urbanization has reduced the size of the lake by 40 square kilometers, and 2.6 meters in depth. Other threats include untreated sewage, the introduction of exotic species, and chemical pollution.[8]

Watershed

In the watershed surrounding the wetlands, the natural terrestrial vegetation is composed of xeric scrub (1,920-2,100 m above sea level), pine and oak forests intertwined with xeric scrub (2,100-2,400 m) and by pure pine-oak forests in the higher peaks (2,400-2,900 m). The pine-oak forests are part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests ecoregion.[3]

In the last fifty years, human activity in the watershed has intensified. Farming and livestock ranching in the basin have significantly increased. Over 10,000 hectares of forest have been lost to logging, fires, fuelwood gathering, and clearance for farming and ranching.[8]

History

The Lake Pátzcuaro basin is home to the Purépecha people. Purépecha leaders established the basin as the heartland of the Tarascan state, which rivaled the Aztec Empire before the Spanish conquest. The towns of Ihuatzio, Tzintzuntzan and Pátzcuaro were important Purépecha centers.

Islands in the lake
  • Jaracuaro
  • Uranden - Small island.
  • Janitzio - Island with tourist facilities
  • Pacanda - The largest, flattest island. Cabanas for rent.
  • Yunuen - Small island
  • Tecuena - Sparsely populated island

Major towns along the lake shore

Minor towns along the lake shore
  • Tocuaro - woodworking and maskmaking
  • Opongio - mezcal distillery
  • Puacuaro
  • Arocutin
  • Ihuatzio - ancient temple ruins called yacatas.
  • Santa Fe La Laguna - crafts
  • Cucuchuchu
  • Uricho
  • Napizaro
  • Erongarícuaro

Nearby areas
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References
  1. "Humedales del Lago de Pátzcuaro". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  2. "Descripción de la cuenca", Recuperación Ambiental del Lago de Pátzcuaro". Accessed October 18, 2009. Archived 2009-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
  3. "Central Mexican wetlands". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved October 18, 2009.
  4. Rhodin, A.G.J.; J.B. Iverson; R. Bour; U. Fritz; A. Georges; H.B. Shaffer; P.P. van Dijk (2017). Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 7 (8 ed.). pp. 1–292. doi:10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017. ISBN 9781532350269.
  5. Conant, R. (2003). "Observations on garter snakes of the Thamnophis eques complex in the lakes of Mexico's transvolcanic belt, with descriptions of new taxa". American Museum Novitates. 3406.
  6. Ceballos, G.; E.D. Pardo; L.M Estévez; H.E. Pérez, eds. (2016). Los peces dulceacuícolas de México en peligro de extinción. ISBN 978-607-16-4087-1.
  7. Alvarez. F.; J.L. Villalobos (2015). "The Crayfish of Middle America". In T. Kawai; Z. Faulkes; G. Scholtz (eds.). Freshwater Crayfish: A Global Overview. CRC Press. pp. 448–463. ISBN 9781466586390.
  8. "Indicadores del deterioro ambiental", Recuperación Ambiental del Lago de Pátzcuaro". Accessed October 18, 2009.
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