La Verna cave

La Verna is a show cave in the commune of Sainte-Engrâce in the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques in France. 660 metres (2,170 ft) of mined tunnel leads into the Salle de la Verna, the largest chamber in a show cave in the world.[1] It has a diameter of 250 metres (820 ft), a height of 194 metres (636 ft), a surface area of 5 hectares (12 acres) and a volume of 3.6 million cubic metres (130,000,000 cu ft).[2] A river cascades into the chamber from halfway up the east wall, and sinks into boulders near the base of the chamber.

Platform overlooking Salle de la Verna

The chamber was named after the Lyon scouts, La Verna Troop, who helped in the attempted rescue of Marcel Loubens who died following a fall during the 1952 explorations.[3]

Waterfall in Salle de la Verna

In 2003 a standard 4 person hot-air balloon was flown in Salle de la Verna.[4]

Geology

La Verna is part of the 82-kilometre-long (51 mi), 1,410-metre-deep (4,630 ft), Gouffre de la Pierre-Saint-Martin and Gouffre des Partages cave system.[5][6][7] Explorations still continue in this and in other systems within the extensive Pierre-Saint-Martin karst area where 13 underground rivers and a total of 250 kilometres (160 mi) of passages, chambers and shafts have been mapped.[8][9]

Most of the Gouffre de la Pierre-Saint-Martin is formed by dissolution in Cretaceous limestones, and the main river reaches a base level where it flows over insoluble schists of the Paleozoic basement rocks. The Salle de la Verna has formed where the river flows off the schist onto Devonian limestone. Over time, the river found a route through the soluble limestones, leaving the original downstream river passage (the Gallerie Aranzadi) high and dry. The chamber was formed by a process of solution and collapse, beginning about 200,000 years ago.[10] The unconformity between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks is clearly exposed in the walls of the chamber.[11]

The river flowing through the chamber originated from the infiltration zones on the 2,000-metre high (6,600 ft) limestone plateaus, and emerges at springs 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) lower, in the valley of Saint-Engrâce.[12]

Fauna

In this mineral world lives a unique community of animals, adapted to the dark depths of the karst. They are small invertebrates, blind, and without pigmentation. The two most common species observed in La Verna are the Aphaenops loubensi and Aphaenops cabidochei.[13] In order to survive, these insects need an atmosphere saturated with humidity. After fecundation, the female lays a single egg, out of which a small larva hatches. Contrary to insects on the surface, this larva immediately metamorphoses to an adult, without feeding. The biologist Michel Cabidoche studied these animals in the 60’s. Since the opening of la Verna to visitors, in 2010, a team of researchers of the French national museum of natural history, under the leadership of Professor Arnaud Faille, closely follows their evolution.[14]

History
  • 1950-51: The discovery and exploration of the 320-metre (1,050 ft) deep Lépineux shaft in the massif of La Pierre Saint Martin (at the time the deepest shaft ever descended).[15]
  • 13 August 1952: Marcel Loubens died as a result of a fall during the explorations.[16]
  • 13 August 1953: Georges Lépineux, Jimmy Théodor, Daniel Eppely, Michel Letrône and Georges Ballandraux, divided into two groups, discovered Salle de la Verna. One group opened the way, the other follows surveying as they went. They met in Salle de la Verna, where they inscribed their names. They had found what was at the time - and remained for many years - the world’s largest known underground chamber. They had also set a depth-record.[17]
  • 1956-60: The French National Electricity Company (EDF) decided to construct a tunnel. The plan was to capture the underground river that runs through the Salle de la Verna for the production of electricity. It took four years to dig the tunnel, but the project was abandoned for technical reasons. Cavers began using the tunnel as a short cut to continue their explorations.[18]
  • 2000: A private company, SHEM (Société Hydroélectrique du Midi) re-launched the hydro-electric power project.
  • January 2006: Work on the project began. An access-road was constructed and the tunnel restored. A dam was built across the river where it enters the Salle de la Verna creating a small reservoir of 200 cubic metres (7,100 cu ft). More than 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) of pressure pipe were installed across the chamber, out through the tunnel, and down to the bottom of the valley where a hydro-electric power-plant was built. Close cooperation between SHEM, cavers and the local authorities has led to the opening of la Verna to the public.[19]
  • June 2007: The local authorities working together as a SIVU (Syndicat intercommunal à vocation unique) confirmed the exploitation of the site by the Caving Associations of the Atlantic Pyrenees. To achieve this, the cavers created a small company, which organizes guided visits.
  • 1 July 2010: La Verna opened to the public.[20] The cave is now accessible to everybody - including those with reduced mobility.[21]
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References
  1. "Valorisation touristique de la salle souterraine La Verna Pierre Saint-Martin - Ministère du Développement durable". developpement-durable.gouv.fr. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02.
  2. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-08. Retrieved 2015-01-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. Casteret, Norbert (1955). The Descent of Pierre Saint Marti. London: J.M.Dent & Sons Ltd. p. 38.
  4. "On a volé sous la terre". free.fr.
  5. "Naissance d'un géant – Spéléo Tritons". clan.des.tritons.free.fr.
  6. "Les cavités les plus longues". ARSIP. L'Association de Recherche Spéléologique Internationale de la Pierre St Martin. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  7. "Les cavités les plus profondes". ARSIP. L'Association de Recherche Spéléologique Internationale de la Pierre St Martin. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  8. ARSIP INFO Edition Spéciale "Les Traversées de La Pierre-Saint-Martin" p.15 - 2014
  9. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-11-22.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. Maire, Richard (2004). Gunn, John (ed.). Encyclopedia of Caves and Karst Science. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 1252–1255. ISBN 1-57958-399-7.
  11. Ligierr, Vincent (2008). "Discordance hercynienne dans la salle de la Verna, gouffre de la Pierre Saint Martin". Planet Terre. ENS de Lyon. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
  12. Jean François PERNETTE – « Rivières sous le Pierre » - F. Nathan – 1983
  13. "Aphoenops ochsi cabidochei-Aphaenops de Cabidoche-Présentation". mnhn.fr.
  14. "De la vie à La Verna". SudOuest.fr.
  15. Tazieff, Haroun (1953). Caves of Adventure. London: Hamish Hamilton.
  16. "Le drame du gouffre de la Pierre-Saint-Martin". Le Figaro.
  17. Jacques ATTOUT – « Les hommes de la Pierre Saint Martin » - Collection Marabout Junior n°40 – 1954
  18. Corentin QUEFFELEC – « Jusqu'au fond du gouffre - Tome 1 » - Arcora - 1968 (réédition Spéléo Editions 1994)
  19. Martine LE BEC. "Magazine H2o - 2. Une cavité souterraine devenue centrale électrique - Un barrage au centre de la Terre - Infrastructures-Développement durable". h2o.net. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-26.
  20. "Saint-Engrace (64) : les grottes de La Verna ouvrent leurs portes au public". SudOuest.fr.
  21. "La grotte de La Verna reçoit le prix de l'accessibilité". SudOuest.fr.

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