LGBT rights in the German Democratic Republic

The German Democratic Republic (GDR) was dominated by heterosexual norms. However, queer East Germans experienced decriminalisation during the 1960s, followed by increasing social acceptance and visibility.

Legal situation

From the its inception, the GDR adopted paragraph 175a of the Nazi legal code, forbidding ‘unnatural desire’ between men, with a clause protecting against the ‘seduction’ of men and boys under the age of 21.[1] Despite attempts at legal reform in 1952 and 1958, homosexuality was not decriminalised until 1968, at which point the SED viewed it neither as an illness nor legitimate sexual identity, but as a long-term biological problem. As such, decriminalisation did not represent triumph nor liberation for homosexuals, but rather the state's tolerance of a group it viewed as permanently deviant.[1] Despite their legal status veering towards ostensible equality, it simultaneously took a turn in the other direction; in 1968, paragraph 151 criminalised homosexual relations between adult men and those under 18 years old, establishing an unequal age of consent compared to that of heterosexuals (14 years old). This provision went effectively unchallenged until 1987, when the supreme court struck down a conviction on the grounds of paragraph 151, arguing that an unequal age of consent excluded homosexuals from socialist society and the civil rights guaranteed to them therein. In July 1989, the age of consent for all sexual relations was set at 14.[2]

In an international context, decriminalisation aided the GDR's progressive image, bringing the country into line with ‘more progressive (in this matter) socialist states like Czechoslovakia and Poland, and pre-empting West German decriminalisation by one year’.[1] However, the lived situations of homosexuals in the GDR changed little. Though traumatic and extremely painful, prosecutions of homosexuals in the 1960s were not numerous. The change in legal status failed to address the ‘most profound problem’ facing homosexual communities in the GDR--invisibility not illegality.[1]

Social and political situation

GDR society proved manifestly exclusive for queer people on account of socialist ideology as well as general attitudes toward queer identities. Seen as ‘non-reproductive’, homosexuality was understood to be incompatible with socialism, thereby reinforcing and compounding centuries-old homophobic attitudes. Gays and lesbians in the GDR experienced intense feelings of isolation in this social landscape, with those in rural areas having it even worse than urban residents. One of the founders of the lesbian publication Frau Anders, recalled:

"I come from a provincial town myself, from Suhl. At lesbian get-togethers I met other lesbians, who had hunkered down on their own somewhere and were very lonely. Then they would travel for hundreds of kilometres just to meet a pen friend, only to find that it wasn't worth it. They were in hiding, they spent their whole lives in hiding."[1]

For many queer people, this intense isolation compounded into invisibility in which not just representation, but vocabulary was absent from society. In response to an interview question on her perception of the social acceptability of coming out, Barbara, a woman from East Berlin explained:

“I am sure that in the GDR I would never have come together with a woman, that wouldn't have been possible. For that, the rejection and intolerance was too great. Of that I am sure... No, I couldn't have had a coming out in the GDR. I wouldn't have known, where one finds women, where, where lesbians are. I didn't know that lesbians were called ‘lesbians’.”[1]

Queer visibility

In the early years of the GDR, queer spaces were commonly pushed beneath formal state structures. The FDJ (Free German Youth) did not accept homosexual members, and city councils made it difficult for meeting spaces and events to be set up. In the 1970s, visibility began to improve slightly, with various queer institutions taking hold in and around Berlin. The HIB (Homosexuelle Interessengemeinschaft Berlin) was established in 1973 with the belief that ‘homosexual emancipation is part of the success of socialism', aiming to educate society in this vein.[1] In a more informal context, meetings at Charlotte von Mahlsdorf’s large inherited home outside Berlin evolved into a fortnightly support group discussing coming-out, STDs, and other queer issues combined with drinking and dancing. Von Mahlsdorf, East Germany's best-known trans person, became involved with the Stasi both as a subject of surveillance and a suspected informer herself. As such, a gathering at hers was blocked by police in April 1978, leading her support group to fizzle out. The HIB met a similar fate at the same time due to both Stasi surveillance and subsequent intervention and the group's significant organisational difficulties.[1]

This same year, the Church-State Agreement allowed for queer rights groups to gather in Protestant Churches, which allowed them to organise and mobilise more effectively. Though there was tension between religious institutions and these queer working groups, the opportunity was invaluable in that it allowed them to host ‘coming-out’ discussions, parents’ nights, and gay and lesbian social events.[1] As well, these working groups played an important role in remembering the gay and lesbian victims of the Holocaust by laying a wreath at the Buchenwald memorial site in 1983, followed by similar demonstrations at other Holocaust memorials. The SED responded negatively, arguing that homosexuality could not be considered a ‘separate problem’ in the history of the Holocaust, adding that ‘many homosexual concentration camp inmates were criminals, and the number of homosexuals murdered in concentration camps was a very small part of those killed by the fascists.’[1]

A 1985 shift in GDR policy led to many groups becoming more formalised. The 11th SED congress reassessed the party's approach homosexuals to focus on integration, symbolising a radical attempt to adjust to the changing social norms within society. While the party itself remained rather ambivalent towards queer people, relegating minority-group institutions outside of state structures could have been interpreted as delegitimising the state, so many party officials sought to develop a more integrative policy towards homosexuals. At this time too, the party revisited its stance on homosexual victims of the Holocaust within the legacy of antifascism; in a review of Coming Out, the Minister for Culture explained the film's political significance to the recognition of homosexuals and communists as victims who fought together against their fascist tormentors.[1]

This led to the establishment of gay and lesbian clubs inside the context of state institutions, a move which activists had been attempting since the 1970s. For example, the Sonntags-Club in East Berlin successfully petitioned for legal status in 1986 and benefited from strong support from the community, becoming affiliated with the Haus der Kultur (House of Culture) in 1987. Similar groups and clubs were later created in Dresden, Leipzig, Weimar, Gera, Magdeburg, Potsdam, Halle and a second club in Berlin.[2] Furthermore, the Kulturbund allowed the Magnus Hirschfeld Arbeitskreis (Magnus Hirschfeld Study Group) to organise under the guise of promoting scientific endeavours in sexuality. State organisations such as the family planning services also began training staff for issues with sexual identity. The FDJ, after 1985, began discussing homosexuality and bisexuality and creating events for the community. In the FDJ Youth Festival of 1989, the central council of the FDJ instructed a positive reception to the creation of new spaces and clubs.

However the SED itself remained fairly ambivalent regarding queer issues, identities and recognition, partly due to a belief that non-engagement with the subject would 'solve' it. Therefore, the 1985 policy reform was mainly left up to the interpretation of local party officials and homophobia was relatively commonplace. However, the state's approach to homosexuality was still amongst the most progressive for its time. For example, the former first secretary of the central council of the FDJ argued for the importance of integrating the community into the public domain

“In accordance with our goals in the FDJ-Public Program 40 years of the GDR. . .we attribute much importance to the integration of homosexual youth as equal citizens. . . . I can assure you that the FDJ will continue to give great attention toward the complete equality of homosexual youth and other citizens in its diverse forms of political and ideological work.”[3]

After the fall of the wall in 1989, many of these spaces were absorbed or seen as a continuation of the SED party-state and dissolved completely.[2]

AIDS

The AIDS crisis, as it was experienced by queer communities in the West, did not penetrate the GDR to the same extent. By 1989 only 84 people had been diagnosed with AIDS, compared to 37,052 in the FRG.[4] While this statistic was conducted by a German AIDS organisation 10 years after, there is always the possibility that diagnoses do not necessarily denote the actual number of cases. Nevertheless, the lack of contact with the West and general isolation of the population meant that the AIDS epidemic was not as prevalent amongst the community. The SED hence treated the crisis as a problem of the capitalist West. In the later years of the GDR, however, AIDS was a peripheral concern of gay men in East Berlin, aware that West Berliners travelling to the city's Eastern sector had contact with the virus, but this concern never existed to the same extent as in the West.[5]^:145–150

Culture

The state remained to have a centralised control over media, often censoring queer content and thereby preventing any representation thereof. The most common mentions of queer-related themes were the pejorative use of schwul (gay) and lesbisch (lesbian) in jokes.[6]

In the early years of the regime, advice writers in state media often deemed homosexuality as a perversion, pathology or deviance. This suffocated much queer culture, and the SED generally avoided talking about homosexuality altogether. It was only in 1965 that the central committee declared itself in favour of depiction of sex in literature and culture, yet it must have adhered to the perfect socialist narrative of romance, which undoubtedly excluded any form of non-heterosexual love. As a result, many activists turned to the Church printing press to create works as that did not suffer from this censorship, although some refused to work with the Church due to ideological reasons.

Despite the physical separation of Berlin after 1961, the West remained culturally influential in queer material. Rosa von Praunheim’s film "Nicht der Homosexuelle ist pervers, sondern die Situation, in der er lebt" (It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse, But the Society in Which He Lives) was shown on Western television in 1973 and represented a key moment in the West German gay liberation movement. In the East, such a movement did not exist, but the film proved powerful for many queer East Germans, who remember the film as the first representation of non-heteronormative relations in the media.[1]

After the 1985 party position to integrate homosexuals into the community, a knock on effect was felt in GDR arts and culture. A new openness was felt in the media, literature, print and broadcast media. In 1987 the TV program Visite broke many taboos in openly discussing homosexuality as a natural part of human sexuality. The next year, the state controlled company, DEFA, along with the Deutsches Hygiene-Museum German Hygiene Museum and lesbian and gay activists created the film Die andere Liebe (The other love) which was the first GDR produced documentary on homosexuality. Afterwards the same company released the popular feature film Coming Out (1989 film). This set a cultural precedent for works featuring queer themes, and literary works, interviews and mainstream media continued to opt for a more progressive approach when dealing with the community until the fall of the wall.

Notable figures

Rudolf Klimmer was a notable gay figure amongst the GDR community, practicing as a psychologist and sexologist as well as a gay activist. After the war he joined the SED and was a prominent figure in pushing for the removal of paragraph 175.[1]

Eduard Stapel is another prominent figure, a theologian and leader of the Lesbian and Gay Church movement. In 1982 he founded the Homosexuality Working Group with Christian Pulz and Matthias Kittlitz in the Evangelical Student Centre in Leipzig. He continued to advocate for the queer community within the ecclesiastical sphere, and outside of it. The Stasi saw him as the main organiser of the gay rights movement in the GDR and its many groups and organisations that were removed from formal state institutions.[1]

Charlotte von Mahlsdorf was East Germany's best-known trans woman. She lived outside Berlin in an inherited estate, which she converted into a local Gründerzeit museum. There, she hosted informal queer support groups, which were eventually shut down by the Stasi.[5]

In popular culture

• The Same Sky (TV series)

References

1. [Josie McLellan, Love in the Time of Communism: Intimacy and Sexuality in the GDR (Cambridge: CUP, 2011)]
2. [ Hillhouse, Raelynn J. 1990. "Out Of The Closet Behind The Wall: Sexual Politics And Social Change In The GDR". Slavic Review 49 (4): 585-596. doi:10.2307/2500548.]
3. Eberhard Aurich, letter to Dr. Kurt Bach, Hohenm6lsen, GDR, 13 Oct. 1988, cited in Kurt Bach, letter to the editor, Dorn Rosa 2 (February 1989): 37,
4. Rainer Herrn, Schwule Lebenswelten im Osten. Andere Orte, andere Biographien. Kommunikationsstrukturen, Gesellungsstile und Leben schwuler Männer in den neuen Bundesländern (Berlin: Deutsche AIDS-Hilfe), 1999, p20
5. [Lemke, Jürgen, and John Borneman. 2011. Gay voices from East Germany. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.]
6. Pence, Katherine, and Paul Betts. 2011. Socialist Modern. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.