Kokna

Kokna is an Indian tribal community found in Sahyadri-Satpura Ranges of Maharashtra (Mostly residing in Nandurbar & Dhule districts - Sakri, Navapur talukas) and is believed to have originated[5] in the Konkan patti of Thane district.[6] It is also known as Kokna, Kokni, Kukna. There are various opinions regarding the origin of this tribe since no adequate research were made.[7] They are recognized as a scheduled tribe in four states of India: Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.[8]

This article is about the Indian tribal community. For the river in Poland, see Kokna (river).
A moment from Kokna / Kokni festival wherein men are dressed-up as Indian mythological characters
Kokna, Kokni, Kukna
Regions with significant populations
India1,049,411[1][2]
              Maharashtra6,87,431[2]
              Gujarat3,61,587[2]
                            South3,27,967[3]
              Rajasthan361[2]
              Karnataka32[2]
Languages
Kukna,[4] Marathi, Gujarati

Social Life

Kokna-Kokni tribal society is an important society of ancient primitive culture and its social, economic, cultural and political life is characteristic.[9] Considering the total population of the Kokna tribe, it can be seen that Kokna is the major tribe in Maharashtra. Although there are few historical references available regarding the origin of tribe from socio-cultural point of view, their current social customs and cultural practices confirm their primitiveness.

Interest and improvements in agriculture has resulted in prosperity and social stability of the tribe. Apart from this, the social status of the Koknas has remained high due to land ownership. Due to their high socio-economic status, the Kokna tribes consider themselves superior to other tribes.[5]

Religion and Cultural Life

The religious beliefs and practices practiced by the tribals are also seen in the Kokna tribe i.e. religion is the belief in supernatural powers and divine beings. Along with God of water, God of fire and God of animals, the Kokna also believe in demons. Koknas are mostly nature worshipers. Therefore, their deities and places of worship are also subject to the nature. Since the Kokna has been settled in agriculture for many years, they believe that rain is the supreme god. Their deities are based on daily life relationships such as 'Dhantari' which gives grain, 'Gavkari' which is used for farm work and 'Kansari' which makes a living. Worship rituals are performed to please the deities at the beginning of any auspicious work or financial activity. Since nature is the foundation of the socio-economic life of the Konkan, their conceptions of religion and theology have also developed on the basis of nature.[5]

Dongaridev Festival

The God of mountains (Dongaridev) is worshiped in the belief that God resides in a mountain cave and that his happiness and sadness affect the life's joys and sorrows. Dongaridev festival is celebrated by the whole villages and at least one person from each family in the village has to participate in this festival. 70-80 young and old people come together and dance in a circular motion and sing songs their dialect. Various instruments are used for worship in this festival viz. flags, ghoongru kaathi (stick with bells), pawri, tapra, lots of marigold flowers, nachani and rice grains. The festival usually lasts for eight to ten days and finally, on the night before the full moon, they go at the foot of the mountain, dance all night, sing kokni songs, and descend from the hill in the morning after worshiping the mountain. During this festival all the virtues of kindness, cordiality, generosity, honesty, discipline, community life, purity of mind are discovered. The efforts of the Kokna to inculcate human values in this way through festivals and traditions are incomparable.[10]

gollark: Try just setting the environment variable in that terminal. I don't know if Windows lets you do that, though.
gollark: Maybe it's some sort of version mismatch.
gollark: I think CUDA is a bit faster generally, but only works on Nvidia cards.
gollark: Also probably not. The GPU's processor cores would be implemented in actual silicon directly, instead of whatever reprogrammable stuff FPGAs use.
gollark: I don't think a FPGA would actually be faster than a GPU, if you're just putting some general-purpose processors on it.

References
  1. "List of notified Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  2. "A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix". Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  3. "Population Kokna" (PDF). Census of India 2011. The Tribal Research & Training Institute, Government of Gujarat. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  4. Kokna at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
  5. https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/95785
  6. "Choudhuri / Choudhury". Census of India 2011. The Tribal Research & Training Institute, Government of Gujarat. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  7. "मराठी पुस्तक कोकणा-कोकणी इतिहास आणि जीवन, marathi book kokaNA-kokaNI itihAsa ANi jIvana kokaNA-kokaNI itihAsa ANi jIwana". www.rasik.com. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  8. Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population of India, Minitry of Tribal Affairs, India "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-07-26.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. "कुंकणा: जाती और बोली" (PDF).
  10. "डोंगरीदेव....... एक आदिवासी (कोकणी) सण/सोहळा". Retrieved 2020-04-28.
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