Kirana gharana

Kirana gharana is one of the most prolific Indian classical khyal gharanas,[1] and is concerned foremost with perfect intonation of notes (swara).

Singing style

The central concern of the Kirana style is swara, or individual notes, in particular precise tuning and expression of notes. In the Kirana Gayaki (singing style), the individual notes (swaras) of the raga are considered not just random points in the scale but independent realms of music capable of horizontal expansion. Highly emotional pukars in the higher octaves form a part of the musical experience. Another unique feature of this gharana is the highly intricate and ornate use of the sargam taan (weaving patterns with the notations themselves) introduced by Abdul Karim Khan under influence from the Carnatic classical style.

In the late nineteenth century Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan revolutionized the khayal gayaki by introducing the vilambit (a slow tempo section) to delineate the structure of the raga note by note.

Frequently performed ragas by musicians of the gharana include Todi, Lalit, Multani, Patdeep, Puriya, Marwa, Shuddha Kalyan, Darbari Kanhara, and Komal-Rishabh Asavari. Noted Marathi thespian PuLa Deshpande has pointed out that performers from the Kirana gharana are particularly fond of the Komal Re/Rishabh (or minor second in the western system) note of the classical music scale, a frequent feature of these commonly performed ragas.

History

In the 19th-century the Kirana gharana coalesced around Miyan Bande Ali Khan, a player of the rudra veena. The gharana's style was further developed, and established as one of the prominent styles in modern Indian classical music in the late 19th / early 20th centuries by the musicians Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan.[2] Abdul Karim Khan was an extremely popular musician, and was thus highly influential in popularizing the gharana. Some trace the gharana's roots back farther to the 13th-century musician Gopal Nayak, a Hindu musician (of the dhrupad style) who later converted to Islamic Sufism and in the process assimilated the predominantly Muslim khyal musical style.[3]

The name of this school of music derives from Kirana or Kairana, a town and tehsil of Shamli District in Uttar Pradesh. It is the birthplace of Abdul Karim Khan (1872–1937), who was one of the most important musicians of this gharana and of Hindustani music in general in the twentieth century. A frequent visitor to the Court of Mysore, Abdul Karim Khan was also influenced by Carnatic music, and roots of the tradition can also be traced back to his great-grandfather Ghulam Ali and Ghulam Maula, the brother of Ghulam Ali.

Owing to the popularity of Abdul Karim Khan, most contemporary Hindustani musicians from Karnataka are exponents of Kirana gharana, and Kirana gharana in turn has absorbed many of the features of the Carnatic tradition. The culturally rich border region between Karnataka and Maharashtra is particularly well known for its association with the gharana.

The other primary master of the gharana, in the early 20th century, was Abdul Karim Khan's cousin Abdul Wahid Khan who chose to settle at Lahore, Pakistan after the 1947 Partition of British India.

Lineage
Gopal Nayak
Nayak DhonduNayak Bhannu
Ghulam AliGhulam Maula
Utd. Bande Ali Khan
Utd. Eliahee Baksh KhanUtd. Abdullah KhanUtd. Kale KhanUtd. Nanhe Khan
Utd. Majid KhanUtd. Abdul Habib KhanUtd. Abdul Karim Khan (founder)Utd. Abdul Haq Khan
Utd. Abdul Wahid Khan
Pt. Balkrishnabuwa KapileshwariPt. Sawai GandharvaPt. Ganpatrao Gurav
Pt. Vishwanathbuwa JadhavPt. Sureshbabu ManePt. Ganpatbuwa BeherePt. Dasharathbuwa Muley
Smt. Hirabai BadodekarPt. Shankarrao Sarnaik
Pt. Pran NathBegum AkhtarPt. Sukhdev PrasadUtd. Shakoor Khan (sarangiya)Smt. Saraswati RaneMaster Krishnarao)Smt. Gangubai Hangal
Utd. Hafizullah KhanMohammed Rafi (playback singer)Pt. Ram Narayan (sarangiya)Pt. Baburao JadhavPt. Basavaraj RajguruFiroz DasturBharat Ratna Pt. Bhimsen JoshiRoshanara BegumPt. Nivruttibuwa SarnaikPt. Sangmeshwar Gurav
Pt. Rajaram Jadhav
Pt. Mani PrasadSmt. Shakuntalaraje JadhavDr. Prabha AtrePt. Chandrakant KapileshwariSmt. Krishna HangalShrikant DeshpandePt. Madhav GudiSripathi Padigar
Pt. Pandurang Jadhav
Utd. Mashkoor Ali KhanSmt. Pranati MhatrePt. Parameshwar HegdeMilind ChittalAnand BhateShrinivas JoshiRajendra KandalgaonkarPt. Kaivalya Kumar Gurav
Arati Thakur
Nachiketa YakkundiSrivani JadePt. Nagaraja Rao HavaldarPrasanna GudiJayateerth MevundiBalachandra PrabhuVijaykumar Patil
Amjad Ali KhanArshad Ali Khan
Omkarnath Havaldar

Prominent exponents
  • Abdul Karim Khan (1872–1937), gharana founder
  • Abdul Wahid Khan (1885–1949), cousin of Abdul Karim Khan and gharana co-founder
  • Sawai Gandharva (1886–1952), disciple of Abdul Karim Khan
  • Pt. Vishwanathbuwa Jadhavdisciple of Abdul Karim Khan
  • Sureshbabu Mane (1902–1953), son and disciple of Abdul Karim Khan, also learned from Abdul Wahid Khan
  • Hirabai Barodekar (1905–1989), daughter of Abdul Karim Khan, also learned from Abdul Wahid Khan
  • Roshan Ara Begum (1917-1982), was also a disciple and relative of Abdul Karim Khan
  • Saraswati Rane (1913-2006)
  • Gangubai Hangal (1913-2009), disciple of Sawai Gandharva
  • Firoz Dastur (1919-2008), disciple of Sawai Gandharva
  • Bhimsen Joshi (1922-2011), disciple of Sawai Gandharva
  • Prof Tej Bahadur Sahney (1936-2012) disciple of B N Dutta Lahorwale
  • Basavaraj Rajguru (1917-1991), disciple of Panchakshara Gawai, Sureshbabu Mane and Abdul Wahid Khan
  • Madhava Gudi (1941-2011), disciple of Bhimsen Joshi
  • Nagaraj Rao Havaldar, disciple of Madhava Gudi
  • Jayateerth Mevundi, disciple of Sripathi Padigar
  • Manik Varma (1920-1996), disciple of Sureshbabu Mane and Hirabai Barodekar, also learned in other gharanas
  • Milind Chittal, disciple of Firoz Dastur
  • Prabha Atre (born 13 September 1932), disciple of Sureshbabu Mane and Hirabai Barodekar
  • Sanhita Nandi, disciple of Mashkoor Ali Khan
  • Sandip Bhattacharjee, disciple of Mashkoor Ali Khan and Mubarak Ali Khan
  • Sumitra Guha, disciple of A. Kanan
  • Balachandra Prabhu, disciple of Sripathi Padigar and Jayateerth Mevundi
  • Girish Sanzgiri
  • Mohd.Danish
  • Mani Prasad (b. 1930)
  • Rafiq Ahmed Khan (Sarangi)
  • Nagnath Wodeyar (b. 1944)
  • Pandit Pran Nath.
  • Kaivalya Kumar Gurav
  • Chhanulal Mishra
  • Pandit Harish Tiwari
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References
  1. "Torch-bearers of kirana gharana, and their followers". Times of India. 26 January 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  2. "Kirana gharana". ITC Sangeet Research Academy. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  3. Lavezzoli, p. 246

Bibliography

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