Ken Mills

Kenneth Claughan Mills (born 13 February 1935), was head of the Slags group at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) and a visiting professor in the Department of Materials at Imperial College London.

Ken Mills
Ken Mills in 2011, Hampton
Born
Kenneth C Mills

13 February 1935
Doncaster, United Kingdom
Died13 May 2018(2018-05-13) (aged 83)[1][2]
NationalityBritish
Scientific career
Institutions

Career

Early years

Mills graduated in chemistry from the University of Newcastle in 1956 and, in 1960, was awarded a PhD by Sheffield University for work on carbides in steels and their effect on creep strength. From 1960 to 1962, he continued his research in the USA, at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, working on the thermodynamics of alloys at high temperature. There then followed a short period at the US Steel, Edgar Bain Research Laboratories working with E.T. Turkdogan.

National Physical Laboratory (1963 - 1999)

On returning to the UK in 1963, Mills joined the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) in Teddington, where he developed novel measurement methods for thermodynamic properties at high temperatures.

In 1974 he became head of a group working on the measurement of physico-chemical properties of materials related to heat and fluid flow in high-temperature processes, known as the Slags group. The group consisted of, amongst others: Brian Keene,[3] Sandy Powell, Rob Brooks,[4] Abayomi Olusanya,[5] Abas Shirali,[6] Austin Day,[7] Brian Monaghan,[8][9] Lindsay Chapman,[10] Richard Andon,[11] Amanda Barnicoat,[12] Mike Richardson,[13] David Hayes[14] and Peter Quested.[15] Quested took over the running of the group in 1993; Mills officially retired at 60, although he continued to work at NPL.

Mills' main research was carried out on metals and alloys, slags and refractories. In addition to his experimental work he carried out major reviews on the properties of these materials; he was a major contributor to the Slag Atlas (2nd edition 1995).

He had great interest in the mechanisms underlying processing problems in high-temperature processes, such as variable weld penetration in GTA/TIG welding and mould flux behaviour in the continuous casting of steel. To illustrate surface tension driven Marangoni flow[16] in liquid metals, Mills would show (and occasionally consume) a glass of brandy[17] in presentations. Mills gave courses in more than 10 countries on mould fluxes and their impact on the continuous casting process.

Imperial College (1994 - 2018)

In 1994, Mills joined Imperial College London as a Professor[18] and lectured on metal production and heat and mass transfer. His research at Imperial College has been principally focused on mould fluxes for continuous casting and slags used in other steelmaking processes and on thermo-physical properties of alloys and slags. He also revived his interest in the estimation of the properties of slags and alloys from their chemical compositions. Mills gave courses on the estimation of slag properties in South Africa [19] and at the TMS Conference 2012 in Florida.[20]

In 2002, the "Mills Symposium on Metals, Slags, and Glasses: High Temperatures, Properties and Phenomena"[21][22] was held to celebrate Mills' contributions to science.

Awards
  • Williams award,[23] Institute of Materials, 1992.
  • Kroll medal,[24] Institute of Materials, 1996
  • Honorary Membership of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan,[25] 2003
  • Williams medal,[26] The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, 2013
  • Bessemer Gold medal,[27] The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, 2013. For outstanding services to the steel industry - Mills was cited as “one of the first scientists to help transform the powder metallurgy from alchemy to science” and “renowned specialists from around the world supported the nomination."

Publications

Mills has authored / co-authored over 200 scientific publications,[28] a large number being on thermophysical property data, particularly of slags. Mills "is the most cited author in the field of mould powders"[29]

Books:

  • "Thermodynamic Data for Inorganic Sulphides, Sciences and Tellurides", Butterworth-Heinemann, 1974, ISBN 040870537X
  • "Slag Atlas", major contributor to 2nd edition, 1995, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, ISBN 3514004579
  • "Recommended values of thermophysical properties for selected commercial alloys", 2002, Woodhead Publishing Ltd, ISBN 1855735695
  • Mills' final published book, "The Casting Powders Book" co-authored with Carl-Åke Däcker, will be published in August 2018, ISBN ISBN 9783319536149.

An 800 page draft manuscript on the thermophysical properties of molten elements was also in preparation and almost complete, it was co-authored with Li.

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References
  1. https://www.funeralzone.co.uk/obituaries/46715 Funeral announcement
  2. https://web.archive.org/web/20180611152727/https://www.funeralzone.co.uk/obituaries/46715 Funeral announcement (Wayback machine)
  3. Mills, K. C; Keene, B. J (2013). "Factors affecting variable weld penetration". International Materials Reviews. 35: 185–216. doi:10.1179/095066090790323966.
  4. Assael, Marc J; Kakosimos, Konstantinos; Banish, R. Michael; Brillo, Jürgen; Egry, Ivan; Brooks, Robert; Quested, Peter N; Mills, Kenneth C; Nagashima, Akira; Sato, Yuzuru; Wakeham, William A (2006). "Reference Data for the Density and Viscosity of Liquid Aluminum and Liquid Iron". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 35 (1): 285–300. Bibcode:2006JPCRD..35..285A. doi:10.1063/1.2149380.
  5. https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/37276/2/Olusanya-A-1984-PhD-Thesis.pdf Olusanya PhD thesis, 1984
  6. Mills, K. C; Keene, B. J; Brooks, R. F; Shirali, A (1998). "Marangoni effects in welding". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 356 (1739): 911–925. Bibcode:1998RSPTA.356..911M. doi:10.1098/rsta.1998.0196.
  7. Brooks, Robert; Day, Austin; Andon, Richard; Chapman, Lindsay; Mills, Kenneth; Quested, Peter (2001). "Measurement of viscosities of metals and alloys with an oscillating viscometer". High Temperatures – High Pressures. 33: 73–82. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.429.9223. doi:10.1068/htwu139.
  8. https://eis.uow.edu.au/mmm/brian-monaghan/index.html University of Wollongong page
  9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUitWd5auWg&t=177 Ken Mills as a mentor
  10. Mills, Kenneth C; Chapman, Lindsay; Fox, A. B; Sridhar, S (2001). "'Round robin' project on the estimation of slag viscosities". Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy. 30 (6): 396–403. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0692.2001.300608.x.
  11. Andon, R.J.L; Mills, K.C (1971). "The heat capacity of tetragonal germanium dioxide". The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics. 3 (4): 583–587. doi:10.1016/S0021-9614(71)80042-3.
  12. Brooks, R. F; Monaghan, B; Barnicoat, A. J; McCabe, A; Mills, K. C; Quested, P. N (1996). "The physical properties of alloys in the liquid and ?mushy? States". International Journal of Thermophysics. 17 (5): 1151–1161. Bibcode:1996IJT....17.1151B. doi:10.1007/BF01442002.
  13. "Thermal properties of slag films taken from continuous casting mould". Ironmaking & Steelmaking. 21 (4): 279–286. 1994.
  14. Quested, P.N; Hayes, D.M; Mills, K.C (1993). "Factors affecting raft formation in electron beam buttons". Materials Science and Engineering: A. 173 (1–2): 369–375. doi:10.1016/0921-5093(93)90247-C.
  15. http://www.brunel.ac.uk/people/peter-quested Brunel university page
  16. http://www.npl.co.uk/publications/marangoni-effects-in-welding%2E Surface tension driven Marangoni flow
  17. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears_of_wine Surface tension driven Marangoni flow
  18. Imperial college webpage (Google cache 16/5/2018)
  19. http://www.pyrometallurgy.co.za/KenMills/ Ken Mills - Slag modelling, Misty Hills, South Africa, 7 March 2011
  20. "Imperial college webpage". Archived from the original on April 28, 2017.
  21. Mills Symposium on Metals, Slags, and Glasses: High Temperatures, Properties and Phenomena: the Kenneth Claughan Mills Symposium on "Metals, Slags, and Glasses: High Temperatures, Properties and Phenomena" was held in August of 2002. The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society. 2003. OCLC 249071555.
  22. http://www.npl.co.uk/publications/the-prediction-of-thermophysical-properties-for-modelling-solidification-of-metallic-melts%2E The prediction of thermophysical properties for modelling solidification of metallic melts
  23. http://www.iom3.org/iom3-awards Williams award 1992
  24. http://www.iom3.org/awards-archive Kroll medal 1996
  25. https://www.isij.or.jp/?lang=english ISIJ
  26. http://www.iom3.org/iom3-awards Williams medal 2013
  27. http://www.iom3.org/awards-archive Bessemer Gold medal 2013
  28. "Ken C Mills". Google Scholar Citations. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
  29. https://www.springer.com/gb/book/9783319536149#aboutAuthors
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