Kauaʻi ʻōʻō

The Kauaʻi ʻōʻō or ʻōʻōʻāʻā (Moho braccatus) was a member of the extinct genus of the ʻōʻōs (Moho) within the extinct family Mohoidae from the islands of Hawai'i. It was previously regarded as member of the Australo-Pacific honeyeaters (family Meliphagidae).[6] This bird was endemic to the island of Kauaʻi. It was common in the subtropical forests of the island until the early twentieth century, when its decline began. Its song was last heard in 1987, and it is now probably extinct.[7] The causes of its extinction include the introduction of the Polynesian rat, the domestic pig, and mosquitoes, as well as habitat destruction.[8]

Kauaʻi ʻōʻō
The last Kauaʻi ʻōʻō was male, and his song was recorded for the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. The male was recorded singing a mating call, to a female that would never come. He died in 1987.
Conservation status
Extinct  (1987)  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	†Mohoidae
Genus:	†Moho
Species:	†M. braccatus
Binomial name
†Moho braccatus (Cassin, 1855)
Synonyms
Mohoa braccata Cassin, 1855[2] Moho nobilis braccatus (Cassin, 1855)[3] Pseudomoho braccatus (Cassin, 1855)[4] Acrulocercus braccatus (Cassin, 1855)[5]

Etymology

The native Hawaiians named the bird ʻōʻō ʻāʻā, from the Hawaiian word ʻōʻō, an onomatopoeic descriptor from the sound of their call, and ʻāʻā, meaning dwarf.[9]

Description

Adult and juvenile Moho braccatus

This bird was among the smallest of the Hawaiian 'o'os, if not the smallest species, at just over 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length.[9] The head, wings, and tail were black. The rest of the upperparts were slaty brown, becoming rufous on the rump and flanks. The throat and breast was black with white barring, which was particularly prominent in females. The central tail feathers were long, and there was a small tuft of gray feathers under the base of the wing. While the beak and legs were black, the leg feathers were a rich golden yellow. It was the only ‘ō’ō known to have eyes with yellow irises. Like other honeyeaters it had a sharp, slightly curved bill for sampling nectar. Its favored nectar sources were Lobelia species and the ʻohiʻa lehua tree. This species was additionally observed foraging in lapalapa trees. It also ate small invertebrates and fruit. The Kauaʻi ʻōʻō was very vocal, making hollow, erratic, flute-like calls. Both the males and females were known to sing.

Extinction

Specimen, Bishop Museum, Honolulu

The bird was a cavity nester in the thickly forested canyons of Kauaʻi. Many of its relatives have also become extinct, such as the Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō, Bishop's ʻōʻō, and Oʻahu ʻōʻō. Little is known about these extinct birds. The species may have become extinct from a large range of problems, including mosquito-transmitted diseases, which caused the species to retreat to higher ground, ultimately retreating to high-altitude montane forests in the Alaka'i Wilderness Preserve.[10] Higher elevation forests lack tree cavities, so few, if any, nests could be made. In the 1970s the only known footage of the bird was filmed by John L. Sincock on Super 8 film and several song recordings were made as well (with Harold Douglas Pratt, Jr. being one of the people involved in recording the songs).[11]

The final blow was two hurricanes coming within ten years of each other. They destroyed many of the old trees with cavities, and prohibited tree growth when the second one arrived, causing the species to disappear. The bird was last sighted in 1985, and the last sound recording was made in 1987 by David Boynton.[12] It is still believed by some that the species may survive undetected, as the species had already been proclaimed extinct twice: once in the 1940s (later rediscovered in 1950) and again from the late 1950s to the early 1970s, being rediscovered by the wildlife biologist John Sincock. However, it has a loud and distinctive call, and intensive surveys have failed to find any since 1987.

References

1. BirdLife International (2012). "Moho braccatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)old-form url
2. Cassin, John (1855). "Notices of some new and little known Birds in the collection of the U. S. Exploring Expedition in the Vincennes and Peacock, and in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 7: 440. JSTOR 4059092.
3. Bryan, E. H., Jr.; Greenway, J. C., Jr. (1944). "Contribution to the ornithology of the Hawaiian Islands". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College. 94 (2): 137.
4. Mathews, Gregory M. (April 25, 1925). "Nomenclatural Notes". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 45 (296): 93.
5. Wilson, Scott B.; Evans, A. H. (Dec 1890). "Acrulocercus braccatus". Aves Hawaiienses: The Birds of the Sandwich Islands. Part I. London: R. H. Porter. pp. 99–101, Plate 40.
6. Fleischer, Robert C.; James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L. (2008-12-23). "Convergent evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific honeyeaters from distant songbird ancestors". Current Biology. 18 (24): 1927–1931. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.051. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 19084408.
7. "The Extinction of the Kauai ʻōʻō". Island Conservation. 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
8. "Kauai Oo - Introduction | Birds of North America Online". birdsna.org. Retrieved 2019-11-14. Negative factors have included destruction and modification of native forests; introduction of nonnative mammals to the islands (rats, Indian mongoose, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, domestic cats) [...] introduction of nonnative birds and associated diseases; introduction of mosquitoes; and exploitation of the ‘ö‘ö for feathers.
9. Denny, Jim (1999). The Birds of Kauaʻi. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 24. ISBN 0824820975. OCLC 39695505. The Hawaiian word ʻāʻā means "dwarf" or "small" and was given to the Kaua'i species because it was smaller than the three races found on the other islands.
10. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2019-12-24.
11. "ML: Macaulay Library". www3.macaulaylibrary.org. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
12. "Kauai Oo Moho braccatus". Birdlife International. Retrieved 13 April 2018.

External links

• Audio recording of the last Kauaʻi ʻōʻō on YouTube
• A recording of the bird's call. 1975
• Archive of Kauaʻi ʻōʻō footage and recordings on Macaulay Library

Further reading

• Lewis, Daniel (2018). Belonging on an Island: Birds, Extinction and Evolution in Hawaii. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. ISBN 978-0-3002-2964-6.. Chapter 2 of the book is about the ʻōʻō, including the work of John Sincock, who rediscovered the bird in the early 1970s.
• Kauaʻi ʻōʻō
• ML: Macaulay Library
• 3D view of specimens RMNH 110.028 and RMNH 110.029 at Naturalis, Leiden (requires QuickTime browser plugin).
• "Kauaʻi ʻŌʻō" (PDF). Hawaii’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. State of Hawaiʻi. 2005-10-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-16.
• Call of Kauaʻi ʻōʻō The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Macaulay library Kauai Oo Moho Braccatus ML6050 John L. Sincock, 6 Jun 1975 Alakai Swamp, Kauai Hawaii

• Banko, Winston E. (December 1981). History of endemic Hawaiian birds. Part I. Population histories – species accounts. Forest birds: ‘Ō’ō, and Kioea (Report). CPSU-UH Avian History Report. 7B. pp. 175–185. hdl:10125/346.
• Sykes, P.W. Jr.; Kepler, A.K.; Kepler, C.B.; Scott, J.M. (2000). Kauai’i ‘O’o. Birds of North America. 535. Washington, DC: American Ornithologists' Union. pp. 1–32.