Kaijin Akashi

Kaijin Akashi (Japanese: 明石 海人) was the pen name of Shōtarō Noda (野田勝太郎, 5 July 1901 – 9 June 1939), a Japanese poet whose writing was inspired by his diagnosis of leprosy and confinement to a leper colony.[1]

Kaijin Akashi late in life

Early life

Akashi was born in Numazu, Shizuoka prefecture on 5 July 1901. He was the third son of a farmer. At the age of twenty, he graduated from Shizuoka Normal School with a license to teach elementary school. He worked as a teacher until 1926.[2][3] In 1924, he married Asako Furugōri, also an elementary school teacher.[3] They had two daughters, born in February 1925 and late 1926.[2][3]

Leprosy and poetry

Akashi began to show symptoms of leprosy in early 1926, and was diagnosed that same spring.[2][3] He retired from teaching after his diagnosis and was soon subjected to the mandatory quarantine regime in practice in Japan at that time.[3] In the following year, he was hospitalized in Akashi Rakusei hospital (明石楽生病院),[3] which stood in what is now Nishi-ku, Kobe.[4] When this facility closed in 1932, he was moved to the leper colony Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium.[3]

While at Nagashima Aiseien, Akashi learned to write traditional Japanese poetry, primarily tanka. His poems were published in the sanatorium's magazine, Aisei;[3] and he became one of the best-known of a group of leprosy patients who wrote poetry and prose about their condition, a genre referred to as "leprosy literature" until the 1940s.[5][6]

Akashi's health deteriorated as a result of his condition, and in autumn of 1936, he went blind.[2] On 11 November 1938, he underwent a tracheotomy as a result of difficulty in breathing.[2] On 9 June 1939, he died at the sanatorium of intestinal tuberculosis.[2]

He published his most successful work, Hakubyō, in 1939, shortly before his death.[7][8] It sold over 250,000 copies[note 1] and drew significant attention to the plight of leprosy patients in Japan.[8][9] Hakubyō was a bittersweet work, exploring Akashi's grief over his condition and the loneliness that stemmed from his lengthy mandated isolation, as well as his eventual view that his condition was a gift enabling him to experience beauty and insight beyond the physical world.[8]

Legacy

Akashi's work continues to be read and studied by contemporary scholars.[3] Inspired by Akashi's poetry, Japanese photographer Atsushi Fujiwara photographed the decaying remains of Nagashima Aiseien for his 2015 book Poet Island.[10] Four monuments honoring Akashi were erected in his home town of Numazu in 2001.[3]

Books of verse by Akashi
  • 海人遺稿 (Kaijin ikō). Tokyo: Kaizōsha, 1939. NCID BA32958162, OCLC 672684061.
    • New edition. Tokyo: Ozorasha, 1998. ISBN 475680439X.
  • 白描 明石海人歌集 (Hakubyō: Akashi Kaijin kashū). Tokyo: Kaizōsha, 1939. NCID BN12555325, OCLC 674958110. (transl. A Plain Sketch; 1939)[8][11][12]
  • 明石海人全集 (Akaishi Kaijin zenshū). 2 vols. Tokyo: Kaizōsha, 1941. NCID BN11353584, OCLC 672411359.
    • New edition. Takeshi Muramatsu, et al, eds. 海人全集 (Kaijin zenshū). 3 vols. Tokyo: Koseisha, 1993. NCID BN0950746X, OCLC 51018011.
  • Hiroto Uchida, ed. 明石海人全歌集 (Akaishi Kaijin zenkashū). Tokyo: Tanka-shinbun-sha, 1978. NCID BN0738216X, OCLC 673783389.
  • Osamu Murai, ed. 明石海人歌集 (Akashi Kaijin kashū). Tokyo: Iwanami, 2012. ISBN 9784003119013.

Notes
  1. The figure of 250,000 copies is generally cited, but the collection 『海人全集』 (Kaijin zenshū) says 25,000. This much lower figure does not seem to be a typographical error.
gollark: - I believe our country should construct its own god to reduce reliance on foreign imports, and maintain a stock of reality anchors to remove other gods if necessary.
gollark: - I think that consumption, possession, distribution and production of all drugs should be legal everywhere for everyone at all times.- I support an improved tax system, where everyone in the country is directly billed `country's yearly operating expenses / population` each year, to increase fairness.
gollark: - I believe we should end racial discrimination by replacing computer monitors with 1-bit black and white displays so race cannot be distinguished.
gollark: - As eating meat places suffering on millions of innocent animals, I believe animal meat should be replaced with human flesh from donors, as humans are able to meaningfully consent to this while animals are not (and don't get a choice in practice anyway).
gollark: - To increase the efficiency of the education system and encourage self-directed learning, I believe schools should lock children in individual cubicles with textbooks for 5 hours a day instead of using classrooms and teachers.

References
  1. "明石海人". デジタル版 日本人名大辞典+Plus on kotobank.jp (in Japanese). 20 January 2009. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  2. Hisayo, Okano. "明石海人の年譜". web.thn.jp. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  3. Mitsuho Ikeda, 明石海人（1901-1939）, Ikeda's website (University of Osaka).
  4. 平田勝政, 1920年代のハンセン病問題と社会事業（第５報）　治療解放主義の系譜（楽生病院）の検討, Japanese Society for the Study of Social Welfare, 2010.
  5. Tanaka, K. M. (15 November 2013). "Contested Histories and Happiness: Leprosy literature in Japan". Health, Culture and Society. 5 (1): 104. doi:10.5195/hcs.2013.133. ISSN 2161-6590.
  6. Tanaka, Kathryn (3 May 2016). "Writing Ties in Japan: Family, Familialism, and Children's Writing in an Early Twentieth-century Hansen's Disease Hospital". Japanese Studies. 36 (2): 231–250. doi:10.1080/10371397.2016.1208529. ISSN 1037-1397.
  7. "Kaijin Akashi | International Leprosy Association - History of Leprosy". leprosyhistory.org. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  8. Miyasaka, Michio (2014). "Justice of Listening: Japanese Leprosy Segregation" (PDF). In Jensen, Meg; Jolly, Margaretta (eds.). We Shall Bear Witness: Life Narratives and Human Rights. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 9.
  9. Australia, Oriental Society of (1992). The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia. Oriental Society of Australia.
  10. Kōtarō Iizawa, Fujiwara Atsushi, Shijin no shima (藤原敦「詩人の島」), Artscape, 15 April 2015.
  11. "Atsushi Fujiwara: 'Poet Island': Soul-Stirring Photos of Sanatoriums in Japan's Nagashima Island | Photography | Emaho Magazine". www.emahomagazine.com. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  12. Australia, Oriental Society of (1992). The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia. Oriental Society of Australia.

Further reading
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