Joyce Chen (chef)

Joyce Chen (née Liao Chia-ai Chinese: 廖家艾; pinyin: Liào Jiā'ài; Wade–Giles: Liao Chia-ai, September 14, 1917 – August 23, 1994) was a Chinese-American chef, restaurateur, author, television personality, and entrepreneur.

This is a Chinese name; the family name is Chen.
Joyce Chen
Born(1917-09-14)September 14, 1917
Beijing, China
DiedAugust 23, 1994(1994-08-23) (aged 76)
Lexington, Massachusetts, US
Culinary career
Cooking styleNorthern-style Chinese cuisine

Joyce Chen was credited with popularizing northern-style Chinese cuisine in the United States, coining the name "Peking Raviolis" for potstickers, inventing and holding a design patent to a flat bottom wok with handle (also known as a stir fry pan), and developing the first line of bottled Chinese stir fry sauces for the US market.

Starting in 1958, she operated several popular Chinese restaurants in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Chen was diagnosed with dementia in 1985, and succumbed to it in 1994; since then, her accomplishments and influence on American cuisine have been honored by the US Postal Service and the city of Cambridge.

Early life

Joyce Chen was born in Beijing, the youngest of nine children of a high-ranking Qing Dynasty official, during the Republican era under Sun Yat-sen.[1] Her wealthy father, a railroad administrator and city executive, could afford to hire a family cook.[1][2] In her book, Joyce Chen Cook Book, she later said that she grew up with a family chef who left to cook for her father's friend, "Uncle Li", who became the Chinese ambassador to Russia. At that point, her mother and her governess cooked the family meals, and Joyce Chen watched and she learned.[1]

Chen and husband Thomas (m. 1943; div. 1966) with their children Henry (b. 1944; d. 2007) and Helen (b. 1948) left Shanghai (and China for the last time) on April 6, 1949 as the Communists were taking over the country.[3] The family was on the second-to-last boat to leave Shanghai before the port closed. On April 21, Chen and her family settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[3]

Thomas Chen worked as an importer of fine art, while Joyce Chen was a housewife raising two children, a vast change from her job in China as an insurance broker.[4] She gave birth to another son, Stephen, in 1952. In 1957, she first got a hint that her cooking might be popular, when she made some pumpkin cookies and Chinese egg rolls for a bake sale fundraiser at the Buckingham School in Cambridge. She was surprised to hear that her then-unfamiliar Chinese snacks had sold out within an hour, and she was encouraged to make and bring more.[4] Chen had already become adept at finding or substituting for hard-to-get ingredients, and sometimes adapting her recipes to American tastes.[4]

Restaurants

In 1958, Chen and her husband opened her first restaurant, Joyce Chen Restaurant, at 617 Concord Avenue in Cambridge.[5] According to her son Stephen, here she pioneered the all-you-can-eat Chinese dinner buffet to boost sales on otherwise-slow Tuesday and Wednesday nights. She also used the buffet format to allow customers to sample unfamiliar but authentic dishes at a pace of their own choosing.[6] She promoted healthy Chinese cooking and refused to use Red Dye No. 2 and other food coloring in her restaurants.[2][7] For Chinese-speaking and English-speaking staff and customers to communicate more easily, Chen introduced the practice of numbering menu items.[7]

Chen introduced northern Chinese (Mandarin) and Shanghainese dishes to Boston, including Peking duck, moo shu pork, hot and sour soup, and potstickers, which she called "Peking Ravioli" or "Ravs".[8] The first restaurant operated for 13 years and closed in 1971. Members of Bolt, Beranek and Newman's IMP team, when they were working on the first IMPs to create the ARPANET in 1969, would eat Chen's food at her restaurant, which was located next door[9] to BBN.[10]

After her divorce in 1966, Joyce Chen sold the original restaurant to her ex-husband, who converted it in 1972 to a Japanese eatery called Osaka.[11] As a single mother both encumbered and assisted by her three children, she managed to open a second restaurant in 1967, called The Joyce Chen Small Eating Place. It was located between Harvard University and MIT in Central Square, Cambridge, at 302 Massachusetts Avenue. Joyce Chen's son, Stephen Chen, later noted that the opening of this restaurant changed the landscape of the Central Square area in Cambridge. Originally, it was a retail and industrial area, dominated by a NECCO (New England Confectionery Company) factory. People lined up to get Chen's Chinese food at this small restaurant, which seated 60 people. According to Stephen Chen, at this restaurant his mother introduced the Northern style of dim sum, and the now popular "soup dumplings" (shao long bao). The restaurant was very popular with computer hackers.[12][13] It operated for 21 years and closed in 1988.

In 1969, Chen opened her third restaurant,[14] a much larger space seating 500 people, in an existing building located at 500 Memorial Drive in Cambridge. This restaurant, also called Joyce Chen Restaurant, benefited from its proximity to MIT and Harvard. However, this restaurant was required to close in 1974, and the building was demolished so that the MIT dorms New House, and later, Next House, could be built on the site. New House was jokingly known by MIT students as the "Joyce Chen Small Living Place" for a time.[15]

In 1973, Joyce Chen opened her fourth restaurant in an elegant Modernist custom-designed building at 390 Rindge Avenue, near Fresh Pond.[5] This restaurant, also called Joyce Chen Restaurant, seated 263. It operated for 25 years and closed in 1998.[16][17]

In 1975, her eldest son Henry opened a fifth Joyce Chen Restaurant on Cape Cod, but it closed after a year and a half.[11] Her other son Stephen managed a downtown branch of Joyce Chen Restaurant, which operated from 1988 until 1994.[11]

Joyce Chen was a warm hostess who formed relationships with many guests, including John Kenneth Galbraith, James Beard, Julia Child, Henry Kissinger, Beverly Sills, and Danny Kaye.[18] Nathan Pusey, a former Harvard president, called her eating establishment "not merely a restaurant, but a cultural exchange center".[11][5] She would often mingle and talk with guests in her restaurants, even those with no notable celebrity associations.[11]

Career highlights

Following the 1958 opening of her first restaurant, in 1960 Joyce Chen began teaching Chinese cooking at the Cambridge Center for Adult Education and the Boston Center for Adult Education.[4] There were waiting lists for her classes. At this time, she introduced many Americans to home style and gourmet Chinese cooking techniques.

In 1962, Joyce Chen published her influential cookbook, the Joyce Chen Cook Book.[1] Publishers had balked at her insistence on color pictures of food, so she had the book published privately at her own expense. She pre-sold over 6,000 copies of her book at her restaurants before the book was printed.[18] Eventually a publisher became interested, and sold an additional 70,000 copies, and still more in later reprintings over the years.[19] Boston cardiologist Paul Dudley White wrote the foreword to her book, and praised her use of healthier ingredients.[2] MSG was popular at the time, and was included in most of the recipes.[1]

In 1967, Chen starred in her own cooking show called Joyce Chen Cooks, on National Educational Television (NET), now the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).[20] Twenty-six episodes were filmed on the same set as The French Chef (featuring Julia Child) in the studios of WGBH in Boston.[21] The two programs were both produced by Ruth Lockwood, and the basic studio kitchen setup was superficially redecorated in an "oriental" motif.[11]

Julia Child was already a regular visitor at Joyce Chen's restaurant, and a vocal fan of her cooking.[4][11]

Joyce Chen's cooking show aired widely across the US, and eventually in the United Kingdom and Australia; eleven of these original programs can still be seen on the WGBH website.[22] Chen was not a rigid purist, sometimes discussing what kinds of readily-available American ingredients could be substituted for hard-to-find Chinese ingredients.[4] She would later be criticized for adapting and simplifying recipes for American tastes, although she pioneered in an era when few viewers had access to authentic Chinese ingredients and flavors.[4] Her recipes were many American viewers' first glimpse at the making of Chinese food, beyond such Americanized dishes as chop suey and chow mein.[11] She also introduced some then-novel kitchen tools to American audiences, including the wok and the Chinese chef's knife, often misidentified as a "Chinese cleaver".

Chen lacked the informal, casual English-language fluency of Julia Child, and spent hours with voice coaches carefully trying to improve her pronunciation.[4][11] Her programs gained a modest following among viewers, and Reader’s Digest gave her an award for educational television.[4][11] However, the pilot season failed to gain a funding sponsor, and was discontinued after its initial run of 26 episodes.[4] Later critics pointed out that she was one of the few non-white television cooking show hosts to have any American national distribution before the 1980s.[4] After the end of the season, the show was re-run intermittently until 1976.

In 1968, Joyce Chen took her then-16-year-old son Stephen, and 20-year-old daughter Helen on a trip around the world on Pan Am Flight 001. Joyce, Stephen, and Helen Chen also traveled to China in 1972, the same year that President Nixon first visited China. By this time, Stephen was an undergraduate at Boston University, and took a one-day "crash course" in cinematography at WGBH. He would return from the family trip with plenty of footage, which was used in the majority of the documentary, co-produced with Ruth Lockwood and aired nationally on PBS as Joyce Chen's China in May 1973.[11][4] A few months later, the Chen family were the victims of a home invasion by five intruders who had seen the film, according to her son Stephen.[23]

In 1971, Joyce Chen launched Joyce Chen Products, a line of higher quality Chinese cooking utensils.[6] At that time she helped popularize Chinese cookware, and held the design patent (USD221397S)[24][7] to a flat bottom wok with a handle, also known as a stir fry pan, which she called a "Peking Wok".[2][3][6] She also introduced polyethylene cutting boards, made in Japan by Sumitomo Bakelite.[2][3] In 1982, Joyce Chen Specialty Foods would be formed to sell bottled sauces and other flavorings.

Death and legacy

Joyce Chen suffered a serious injury to her right hand in 1976, when she dropped a large glass jar that contained her stir fry sauce. She underwent four to five hours of microsurgery, but never fully recovered the use of her right hand.[4]

In the years following her hand injury, according to her son Stephen Chen, Joyce would forget certain phone numbers for food vendors she had been relying on to run her restaurants, and by 1983 she had stopped relying on food vendors entirely. She often blamed her hand for her forgetfulness.[4]

From that point on, her memory gradually worsened until she was officially diagnosed in 1985 with multi-infarct dementia, although some descriptions of her life assume she had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. However, at that time such a conclusion could only be confirmed by an autopsy after death.[25][4] Stephen cared for Joyce at home until 1992,[4] when she was moved into the Fairlawn Nursing Home in Lexington, Massachusetts. She died there on August 23, 1994 at the age of 76.[18] She was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[26]

Posthumously in 1998, Chen's contributions to cuisine were described in Beard House, The Magazine of the James Beard Foundation.[27] In September 2012, the city of Cambridge held their first "Festival of Dumplings" in Central Square to honor Joyce Chen's birthday.[28][29] There have since been dumpling festivals in 2013 and 2014.[30] The New York Historical Society exhibit, Chinese American: Exclusion/Inclusion (September 26, 2014 - April 19, 2015) reviewed the history of the Chinese in America, and featured Joyce Chen's contributions.[31]

Celebrity chef Ming Tsai later said of Chen, "She is the Chinese Julia Child [...] Joyce Chen helped elevate what Chinese food was about. She didn't dumb it down. She opened people's eyes to what good Chinese could taste like."[6]

On September 26, 2014, the US Postal Service issued 20 million copies of the "Celebrity Chefs Forever" stamp series, which featured portraits by Jason Seiler of five American chefs: Joyce Chen, Julia Child, James Beard, Edna Lewis, and Felipe Rojas-Lombardi.[32] According to the Postal Service, "Joyce Chen is one of America's most well-known promoters of Chinese food. From her landmark restaurant in the Boston area to her cookbooks and trailblazing PBS television show, Chen invited newcomers to sample unfamiliar dishes in ways that firmly established Chinese cuisine in the United States."[32]

On September 5, 2017 (nine days before what would have been Joyce Chen's 100th birthday), an illustrated children's book about Chen's life, Dumpling Dreams: How Joyce Chen Brought the Dumpling from Beijing to Cambridge, written by Carrie Clickard and illustrated by Katy Wu, was published.[33][34]

Business legacy

Joyce Chen was diagnosed with dementia in 1985, and immediately retired. She was succeeded by daughter Helen Chen, herself a chef and cookbook author, as chief executive officer of the company, Joyce Chen Inc..[35] Youngest son Stephen Chen became in charge in running the restaurant operations, while Helen concentrated on managing the specialty foods and cookware businesses.

Following their mother's death in 1994, Stephen continued to run the restaurant business. However, in 1998, the restaurant on Rindge Avenue closed for the last time; thus ending the 40-year run of the Joyce Chen Restaurant chain altogether. The building and site were purchased by Just-A-Start, and underwent a one-year renovation. In 1999, the former restaurant was re-opened, this time as a child-care facility, while the remainder of the lot on Rindge Avenue was filled with residential housing. In 2005, the structure was demolished in order to make more room for additional residential units.[36]

After the restaurant business ceased operations, Helen continued to run Joyce Chen Products, but in January 2003 she sold the business to Columbian Home Products in order to provide the company with additional capital.[4][37] Helen has since written and published three cookbooks of her own, and in 2007 she developed her own line of cookware for Harold Import Company (Lakewood, New Jersey), under a new banner "Helen's Asian Kitchen".[19][38][39][40] Helen has also taught cooking at Boston University.[19]

In January 2020, Columbian Home Products, the distributor of the "Joyce Chen", "Keilen" and "Origins" cookware brands since 2003, closed its plant in Terre Haute, Indiana and laid off its remaining 82 employees.[41][42] Prior to the closure, Columbian had sold the Joyce Chen, Keilen and Origins brands to Honey-Can-Do, and the Granite-Ware brand to Cinsa USA. Snow River Products, another former brand of Columbian Home Products, was spun off as a stand-alone company, and transitioned to a custom wood prodcuts business and away from selling to retailers.[43]

As of 2020, Stephen is president of Joyce Chen Foods, Inc., which sells food products inspired by Joyce Chen's recipes, including Asian sauces, oils, condiments, and spices. Over time, the line has been expanded to include gluten-free, certified kosher, and lower-sodium foods, none of which have added MSG content.[44] In 2006, after countless requests from former restaurant customers, the line was also expanded to include frozen potstickers.[45]

Eldest son Henry Chen and his wife Barbara owned and managed Joyce Chen Unlimited, a retail store in Acton, Massachusetts, which closed in March 2008, five months after his death.[46][4][19]

Several Joyce Chen disciples have gone on to establish restaurants of their own in the Boston area that serve Chinese cuisine.[8] Among them is Pui Chan at "The Wok" in Wellesley, Massachusetts. Chan worked for Chen at the Rindge Avenue location starting in 1973 and, with her encouragement, opened his own restaurant in 1978.[47]

gollark: ```haskellmain :: IO ()main = loop 0loop :: Int -> IO ()loop x = do print x loop (x + 1)```
gollark: You can write code without modifying variables (eeeevil mutability) easily.
gollark: It's actually surprisingly simple to do in simple languages which you can use as simple calculators and stuff.
gollark: `math.floor`, actually.
gollark: `int` probably just drops the decimal point, so *that* must be wrong.

References
  1. Chen, Joyce (1962). Joyce Chen Cook Book. Philadelphia: J.B.Lippincott. pp. 1–3, 22. ISBN 0397002858.
  2. Alexander, Kerri Lee. "Joyce Chen (1917-1994)". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  3. Chen, Helen (1994). Helen Chen's Chinese Home Cooking. New York: William Morrow. pp. 1–5, 33–38. ISBN 0-688-14609-0.
  4. Sen, Mayukh (3 October 2017). "America's Forgotten Television Chef". Food52. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
  5. Robertson, Rain. "Joyce Chen". Culinary Cambridge. Cambridge Historical Society. Archived from the original on April 10, 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  6. Daley, Bill (February 20, 2013). "Taught American palates to speak Chinese". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
  7. "Savoring the Legacy of Joyce Chen". Joyce Chen Foods. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
  8. Mennies, Leah. "The Story of Peking Ravioli". Lucky Peach. Retrieved 2015-04-15.
  9. "Contact < Utility | Raytheon BBN Technologies". BBN.com. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  10. Hafner, Katie; Lyon, M (1996). Where wizards stay up late : the origins of the Internet. Simon & Schuster. p. 112. ISBN 9780684832678.
  11. Polan, Dana. "Joyce Chen Cooks and the Upscaling of Chinese Food in America in the 1960s". WGBH Openvault. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
  12. "40 years of Boston (Phoenix) food". Phoenix. 2006-11-15. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  13. Eric S. Raymond The new hacker's dictionary entry for marginal
  14. "Joyce Chen: Chinese Chef, Restaurateur, Entrepreneur, WGBH Host". joycechenfoods.com. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
  15. Staff (September 4, 1984). "The Traditional Freshman Quiz is now a contest for new students" (PDF). The Tech. Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
  16. "Joyce Chen (1917-1994) - National Women's History Museum". Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  17. Miara, Jim (March 30, 1998). "Last pieces of Joyce Chen empire fall to creditors". Boston Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  18. "Joyce Chen, 76, U.S. Popularizer Of Mandarin Cuisine". New York Times. August 26, 1994. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
  19. Yue, Niu; Huiquan, Lu (2015-04-17). "Carrying on a Chinese food legacy". Across America. China Daily USA. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  20. "Joyce Chen Cooks". Joycechenfoods.com. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  21. "The Origins of the Cooking Show". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  22. "WGBH Openvault Search Results". OpenVault from WGBH. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  23. "People in the News", The Lewiston Daily Sun, December 17, 1973.
  24. "Cooking Utensil (Des 221397)" (PDF). United States Patent Office. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
  25. Ware, Susan (July 12, 2004). "Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century". Harvard University Press – via Google Books.
  26. "Joyce Chen". Find A Grave. Find A Grave. Retrieved 2020-03-16.
  27. Pataki, Amy (1998). "Flavors of the Far East". Beard House, the Magazine of the James Beard Foundation.
  28. Gordon, Jane (September 21, 2012). "Acton Resident Attends Inaugural Dumpling Festival in Honor of His Mother". Acton Patch. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
  29. "Cambridge celebrates Joyce Chen's birthday with Festival of Dumplings". Wicked Local Cambridge. GateHouse Media, Inc. September 20, 2012. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  30. Schweitzer, Sarah. "Dumpling festival a tribute to Joyce Chen". Boston Globe. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
  31. "Chinese American: Exclusion/Inclusion". New-York Historical Society. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
  32. "Five Celebrity Chefs Immortalized on Limited Edition Forever Stamps". United States Postal Service. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
  33. Clickard, Carrie (2017). Dumpling dreams : how Joyce Chen brought the dumpling from Beijing to Cambridge. Wu, Katy (illus.). New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4814-6707-0. OCLC 962172036.
  34. "Children's Book Review: Dumpling Dreams: How Joyce Chen Brought the Dumpling from Beijing to Cambridge by Carrie Clickard, illus. by Katy Wu. S&S/Wiseman, $17.99 (48p) ISBN 978-1-4814-6707-0". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
  35. "Chen, Joyce". January 9, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  36. "Modern Monday and Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month: Joyce Chen's Restaurant, 390 Rindge Avenue". May 20, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  37. "Columbian Home Products Buys Joyce Chen". January 15, 2003. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  38. "Helen's Asian Kitchen Asian Cuisine Products by Helen Chen and Harold Import Company". Helensasiankitchen.com. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  39. Julian, Sheryl (February 10, 2010). "She uses her noodle". Boston Globe. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
  40. Seltzer, Anne-Marie (September 3, 2010). "Helen Chen Remembers Her Mother". Lexington Patch. Patch. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  41. Modesitt, Alex (2019-10-16). "Columbian Home Products up for sale". Tribune-Star. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  42. Modesitt, Alex (2020-01-03). "Columbian Home Products to shut doors". Tribune-Star. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  43. Lillo, Andrea (2020-01-29). "Honey-Can-Do Acquires Assets from Columbian Home Products". HFN. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
  44. "Healthier Asian Products - FAQ". Joyce Chen Foods. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  45. "Joyce Chen brand seeks boost from new product". Boston.bizjournals.com. 2006-05-01. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
  46. Schiavone, Christian (Mar 19, 2008). "Joyce Chen Unlimited closing". Wicked Local Acton (The Beacon). Gannett Co., Inc. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  47. "The Wok: About Pui and Carol Chan". Wokwellesley.com. Retrieved 2013-05-31.

Further reading
  • Ardnt, Alice (2006). Culinary biographies : a dictionary of the world's great historic chefs, cookbook authors and collectors, farmers, gourmets, home economists, nutritionists, restaurateurs, philosophers, physicians, scientists, writers, and others who influenced the way we eat today. Houston: YES Press. ISBN 9780971832213. OCLC 69172659.
  • Chen, Joyce; White, foreword by Paul Dudley (1962). Joyce Chen cook book. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. ISBN 978-0397002856.
  • Chen, Joyce; White, foreword by Paul Dudley (1978). Joyce Chen cook book (paperback). Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0397012787.
  • Chen, Joyce (1982). Joyce Chen Cook Book (2nd ed.). Joyce Chen Gourmet Products.
  • Chen, Helen; Davis, illustrated by Earl C. (1994). Helen Chen's Chinese home cooking. New York: Hearst Books. ISBN 978-0688127565.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.