Jovita Idár

Jovita Idár (September 7, 1885 – June 15, 1946) was a Mexican-American journalist, political activist and civil rights worker, who championed the cause of La Raza —Mexican-Americans and Mexican immigrants.[1][2] Against the backdrop of the Mexican Revolution, which lasted a decade from 1910 through 1920, she worked for a series of newspapers, using her voice to work towards making a meaningful and effective change. She began her career in journalism at La Crónica, her father's newspaper in Laredo, Texas, her home town.[3] While working as a journalist, she became the president of the newly-established League of Mexican Women—La Liga Femenil Mexicanista—in October 1911, an organization with a focus on the education of Mexican children, in Laredo to offer free education to Mexican children.[4] She was also active in the First Mexican Congress—the Primer Congreso Mexicanista—an organization that brought Mexican-Americans together to discuss issues such as their lack of access to adequate education and economic resources.[5]

Jovita Idár
Born(1885-09-07)September 7, 1885
Laredo, Texas,
United States
DiedJune 15, 1946(1946-06-15) (aged 60)
San Antonio, Texas,
United States
NationalityAmerican
Known forJournalism,
Teaching
MovementOrden Caballeros de Honor;The First Mexican Congress,
La Liga Femenil (League of Mexican Women)

Early life

Jovita Idár was born in Laredo, Texas in 1885.[6] She was one of eight children of Jovita and Nicasio Idár[6] who strove to advance the civil rights of Mexican-Americans. The Idár family were part of the gente decente, whose families had access to good education and opportunities than many méxico-tejano families did not have.[7]:16 All eight Idar children grew up in an atmosphere where rights, and responsibilities and the underprivileged circumstances of the Chicano community were consistently discussed. In the book Marching to a Different Drummer, Robin Kadison Berson explains "Growing up Jovita was an imaginative, spirited girl; eager student, she won prizes for her poetry and enjoyed reciting before an audience."[8]

Education and teaching

Idár earned her teaching certificate in 1903 from the Holding Institute in Laredo.[9] She taught in a school in Los Ojuelos, located approximately 40 miles east of Laredo.[6] The reality of her first years teaching was frustrating, "There was never enough textbooks for her pupils, nor enough paper, pens or pencils; if all her students came to class, there were not enough chairs or desk for them."[8] The schooling for Chicano students, much like African American students in the south at that time, was inadequate. Chicanos paid taxes to support decent schooling for their children yet, they were denied entry to schools. By this time Idar realized that her teaching efforts were making little impact on student lives due to the ill-equipped segregated schools.

Championing social issues

Against the backdrop of the Mexican Revolution, which lasted a decade from 1910 through 1920, Idár turned from teaching to journalism as a means of working towards making a meaningful and effective change. She returned to Laredo, Texas, where she began to work alongside two of her brothers, Eduardo and Bobby Brown, for her father's newspaper, La Crónica [The Chronicles]. Their father, Nicasio Idár was a strong and proud man, who advocated for civil rights and social justice for Mexican-Americans, edited and published La Crónica, which became a major voice for Mexican and Tejano rights. Jovita wrote articles under a pseudonym, exposing the poor living conditions of Mexican-American workers and supported the Revolution.[9]:58[10]

In 1910 La Cronica included articles on news, current events, biographical and historical essays that concerned Mexican Americans, literary essays and poetry, and commentary. It focused attention on the serious social and economic inequities experienced by Mexican Americans in Texas in particular, and in the U.S. in general.[10] It featured "stories on educational and social discrimination against Mexican Americans, poor economic conditions, decreasing use of the Spanish language, the loss of Mexican culture and lynching of Hispanics."[6]

In 1911, La Cronica established a "fraternal order", the Orden Caballeros de Honor to "discuss the troubling social issues at the time".[11]:113 and held the First Mexican Congress—the Primer Congreso Mexicanista—dedicated to fighting inequality and racism,[12] and to unite Mexicans on issues that affected them, including lack of access to adequate education and economic resources.[5] 'While working at La Cronica, Idár also served as the first president of La Liga Femenil Mexicanista , the League of Mexican Women, an "offshoot" of the Congress that was founded in October 1911 in Laredo to offer free education to Mexican children.[7] In her 2018 book based on her PhD dissertation, 'Redeeming La Raza: Transborder Modernity, Race, Respectability, and Rights, Gabriela González, wrote that these organizations were established in response to the poverty and racism experienced by transborder Mexican communities.[7]

While working at La Cronica, Idár also served as the first president of the League of Mexican Women (La Liga Femenil Mexicanista), an organization founded in October 1911 in Laredo to offer free education to Mexican children.[4] Additional goals of the organization were to "unify the Mexican intellectuals of Texas around the issues of protection of civil rights, bilingual education, the lynching of Mexicans, labor organizing and women's concerns."[13] The women within this league worked to transform these injustices into a plan of action and focused on relieving social problems through actively making changes within their communities. Women who participated in this organization were highly influential. "Some league members were trained educators and professionals, and the education of youth remained the organization's primary focus."[14] It developed into a social, political and charitable organization for women that, in part, provided food and clothes to those in need.[6][15]

Both the League of Mexican Women and the First Mexican Congress actively worked for the advancement of their members, "by holding studying and learning sessions, sessions where culture is acquired and talent is developed."[16]:225–248

In March 1913, when Nuevo Laredo—on the Mexican side of the border—was attacked, Idár and other Laredo women crossed the Rio Grande River to volunteer to help with the wounded. While at the border, Idár later joined the La Cruz Blanca —the White Cross, an organization that provided relief similar to the Red Cross, that had been created and financed by Leonor Villegas de Magnón, who was also from Laredo.[7][17][4][6]

In 1914, when she returned from her volunteer nursing work at the border, she began writing forEl Progreso. An editorial published in El Progreso criticised President Woodrow Wilson's order to dispatch U.S military troops to the Mexico–United States border,[1] had offended the U.S Army and Texas Rangers. The Rangers attempted to close El Progreso, but Idár blocked the entrance to the newspaper office.[1] When she was not at the newspaper office one day, the Rangers returned to ransack it and to destroy the printing presses, effectively shutting down the newspaper.[1][6]

After her father's death in 1914, she became the editor and writer at La Crónica,[18] where she continued to expose the conditions that Mexican-Americans and Mexican immigrants were living under at the time.[6]

In November 1916, Idár founded the weekly paper Evolución which remained in operation until 1920.

Idár moved to San Antonio in 1921 where she founded a free kindergarten and also volunteered in a hospital as an interpreter.[19]

In 1940 she co-edited the journal El Heraldo Cristiano.[4]

Personal life

In May 1917 Idár married Bartolo Juárez, who worked as a plumber and tinsmith.[20]:7 She lived in San Antonio with her husband until her death June 15, 1946, said to be caused by a pulmonary hemorrhage. She had been suffering from advanced tuberculosis.[21][3]

Idár's contributions documented by others

In 2018, Gabriela González published her book Redeeming La Raza: Transborder Modernity, Race, Respectability, and Rights, which was based on her PhD dissertation in which she provided the historical, political, and socio-economic dimensions of la raza during Jovita Idár's lifetime, including an in-depth description of the role Idár's family played over several generations.[7]

Profiles of Idár have been included in the National Women's History Museum,[5] the Women in Texas History series,[18] the 2005 edition of The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States ,[12] and in the series Texas Originals.[3] Her story was included in Laura Gutierrez-Witt's chapter, "Cultural Continuity in the Face of Change: Hispanic Printers in Texas", in the 1996 publication, Recovering the U.S. Hispanic Literary Heritage .[9]:58[10]

In the chapter entitled "Jovita Idar: The Ideological Origins of a Transnational Advocate for La Raza in the 2015 publication, Texas Women: Their Histories, Their Lives, the authors wrote that Idar promoted the values of the "gente decente," self-identified decent, honest and respectable people, as the solution to the social problems faced by marginalized communities, "Idar promoted the idea that education elevated women and by extension men."[16]:225–248 She reflected an ideal of feminism that was not completely against Victorian concepts, but she did challenge ideas and break boundaries of the patriarchal society of her time.[16]:225–248 The New York Times included Idár in a series of obituaries called Overlooked, about people whose accomplishments in their lifetime deserved to be acknowledged in the media when they died, but were not. In their August 2020 installment, the focus was on the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which was adopted in 1920.[1] The 19th amendment prohibits any American citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex.

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References
  1. Medina, Jennifer (August 7, 2020). "Overlooked No More: Jovita Idár, Who Promoted Rights of Mexican-Americans and Women". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  2. Jovita Idar: Mexican American Activist and Journalist. PBS. American Masters. August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  3. "Jovita Idár". Humanities Texas. Texas Originals. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  4. Villegas de Magnón, Leonor; =Lomas, Clara (1994). The Rebel. Houston, Texas: Arte Público Press. ISBN 9781611920499. OCLC 656724075.
  5. Alexander, Kerri Lee (2019). "Jovita Idár". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  6. Jones, Nancy Baker. "Idar Jovita". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  7. González, Gabriela (2018). Redeeming La Raza: Transborder Modernity, Race, Respectability, and Rights. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-934553-3. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
  8. Berson, Robin Kadison (1994). Marching to a Different Drummer: Unrecognized Heroes of American History. Greenwood Publishing Group.
  9. Pouwels, Joel Bollinger (2006). Political Journalism by Mexican Women During the Age of Revolution 1876-1940. Edwin Mellon Press.
  10. Gutierrez-Witt, Laura (1996). "Cultural Continuity in the Face of Change: Hispanic Printers in Texas". In Erlinda Gonzales-Berry; Chuck Tatum (eds.). Recovering the U.S. Hispanic Literary Heritage. II. Arte Publico Press.
  11. Meier, Matt S.; Gutierrez, Margo (2000). Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Greenwood Press.
  12. Pardo, Mary S. (2005). "Latina Labor and Community Organizers". In Oboler, Suzanne; González, Deena J. (eds.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States. Oxford University Press.
  13. Lomas, Clara (2005). "Historical Newspapers". In Oboler, Suzanne; González, Deena J. (eds.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States. Oxford University Press.
  14. Ramos, Raĺul A.; Perales, Monica (2010). Recovering the Hispanic History of Texas. Recovering the U.S Hispanic Literary Heritage Series. Arte Publico Press.
  15. "Liga Femenil Mexicanista". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
  16. González, Gabriela (2015). "Jovita Idar: The Ideological Origins of a Transnational Advocate for La Raza". In Turner, Elizabeth Hayes; Cole, Stephanie; Sharpless, Rebecca (eds.). Texas Women: Their Histories, Their Lives. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
  17. Villegas de Magnón, Leonor; =Lomas, Clara (2004). La rebelde. Mexico: Conaculta, Inah. ISBN 1558854150. OCLC 54103741.
  18. Jones, Nancy Baker. "Jovita Idar". Women in Texas History - Liga Femenil Mexicanista. Venue Communications, Inc. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  19. "Great Texas Women" (PDF). UTSA 's Institute of Texas Cultures. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  20. "No title". Laredo Times. May 27, 1917.
  21. Danini, Carmina. "1900s journalist and educator Jovita Idar championed rights of Mexican Americans". San Antonio Express News. Express-News. Retrieved April 4, 2018.

Further reading
  • González, Gabriela (2015). "Jovita Idar: The Ideological Origins of a Transnational Advocate for La Raza". In Turner, Elizabeth Hayes; Cole, Stephanie; Sharpless, Rebecca (eds.). Texas Women: Their Histories, Their Lives. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.:225–248
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