John Killigrew (died 1584)

Sir John Killigrew (died 1584) of Arwenack, near Penryn, Cornwall, was the 2nd Governor of Pendennis Castle,[1] (1568–1584)[2] appointed by Queen Elizabeth I, as stated on his father's brass in St Budock's Church. He was MP for Lostwithiel in 1563 and twice for the family's pocket borough of Penryn, in 1571 and 1572.[3] Although appointed a commissioner to enquire into piracy, he was himself a notorious pirate and smuggler. He was described as a man "who might sometimes keep within the law, but only out of fear of punishment".

Arms of Killigrew: Argent, an eagle displayed with two heads sable a bordure of the second bezantée. The bezantée bordure indicates a connection to the ancient Earls of Cornwall

Origins

He was the eldest son and heir of John Killigrew (died 1567) of Arwenack, the first Governor of Pendennis Castle appointed by King Henry VIII, by his wife Elizabeth Trewennard, second daughter of James Trewennard of Trewennard, in the parish of St Erth, Cornwall.

Career

Together with his father he opposed the Catholic Queen Mary I (1553–1558) and her husband Philip II of Spain, and used his fleet of ships to keep the Protestant exiles in France abreast of political developments and to attack Spanish shipping in the Channel. In 1556 he was imprisoned by Mary with his father in the Fleet, but released after three weeks. On the succession of the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) he was restored to royal favour.[2] He became notorious for engaging in cattle theft, "evil usage in keeping of a castle" (presumably Pendennis) and as a Justice of the peace for abuses in arranging the quarter sessions. Having been appointed a Commissioner to inquire into piracy, he himself was heavily engaged in that activity and traded with smugglers and pirates who frequented the waters around Arwenack. He was the subject of an official investigation in 1565. In January 1582 both he and his wife Mary Wolverston[4] were suspected of involvement in a notorious act of piracy concerning a Spanish ship which had sheltered from a storm in an anchorage opposite Arwenack. It was said that he and his wife had acted together to overpower or murder the crew and steal the cargo of cloth, before ordering the ship to be disposed of in Ireland.[5]

Marriage and children

He married Mary Wolverston, a daughter of Philip Wolverston (often described as a "gentleman pirate") of Wolverston Hall in Suffolk, and widow of Henry Knyvett. Their children included:

• John KIlligrew V (c. 1557 – 1605), of Arwenack, eldest son and heir, three times MP for Penryn in 1584, 1586 and 1597, and Vice-Admiral of Cornwall and like his father and grandfather Captain of Pendennis Castle (1584–98).[6]
• Simon Killigrew[7]
• Thomas Killigrew [8]
• Mary Killigrew, who died unmarried
• Katherine Killigrew (died 1598), youngest daughter, who was the 3rd wife of Sir Henry Billingsley (c. 1538 – 1606) Lord Mayor of London.[9]

Death and burial

He died in 1584 and was buried in St Budock's Church, near Arwenack, where there is a mural monument to him, erected by his son, showing effigies of him and his wife facing each other kneeling in prayer. He died heavily in debt: his brother Sir Henry Killigrew paid off some of his more pressing debts, but his son John entered on an inheritance which was already insolvent, and died a ruined man in 1605.

In fiction

In the historical novel The Grove of Eagles by Winston Graham, Sir John's formidable widow Mary Wolverston ("old Lady Killigrew") is arguably the dominant character. In her bitter old age she regards the Killigrew family with contempt, but acknowledges that her husband was probably "the best of a poor lot". Additionally, he appears in the novel The Sea Hawk by Raphael Sabatini, and in With the Knights of Malta by Peter Wickloe (pseudonym).

References

1. Pedigree of Killigrew, Vivian, J.L., ed. (1887). The Visitations of Cornwall: comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1530, 1573 & 1620; with additions by J.L. Vivian. Exeter, p.268
2. Fuidge
3. Fuidge, N.M., biography of Killigrew, John I (d.1584), of Arwennack, Cornw., published in History of Parliament: House of Commons 1558-1603, ed. P.W. Hasler, 1981
4. Sources are very confused as to the identity of the female Killigrew supposed to have been engaged in piracy, the most reliable ones giving her as Mary Wolverston
5. Fuidge; The original source for this famous story, which has been much added to and embroidered by several writers, is Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 15 January 1582 & 2 March 1582
6. History of Parliament biography
7. Gay, Susan Old Falmouth London Headley Brothers 1903 p.12
8. Gay p.12
9. Vivian, 1887, p.269; History of Parliament biography of Henry Billingsley. She is given as a widow 'Harding' married 1603 In his London Visitations her name is given as 'Cornwall'
   • Sir Henry Billingsley The eldest son of the Lord Mayor M.P. Married for his third wife in 1602 Mary Killigrew (Ellegrew) @ Seison Gloucester.
   - Bristol Record Office Ashton Court AC/S.3.7.1613. He was in the service of and heavily indebted for life to Richard Sackville .He was Captain of the Troop sent to release him from the Tower. He was detained and gave evidence against his co-conspiritors. He served on both sides in the Civil War. He married several times making a habit of abandoning the surviving children of a previous family before starting another. " Billingsley's children in Gloucester are suffering from extreme want of money to buy them necessities and clothes "Sackville Mss/4/2/1. His marriage to Abigail Thomson in Holland resulted in four of their sons migrating to Virginia. He spent time in Marshalsea and Fleet prisons for debt. His father bought him Penhow Castle and Siston Manor but excluded him from his will.