John Dunn Gardner

John Gardner (20 July 1811[1] – 11 January 1903), formerly of Soham Mere[2] and later of Chatteris House, Isle of Ely, in the county of Cambridge, known as John Townshend until 1843 and sometimes styled "Earl of Leicester", was a British politician and landowner. He is otherwise notable in relation to the tangled marital history of his mother, the Marchioness Townshend.

Life

Baptised John Townshend on 26 December 1823 at St. George's, Bloomsbury,[1][3] he was the eldest surviving son of the brewer John Margetts and the heiress Sarah (née Dunn Gardner), estranged wife of George Townshend, 3rd Marquess Townshend.

All the children of this union were declared illegitimate by a private Act of Parliament in 1843. Dunn Gardner, who had styled himself "Earl of Leicester" (the courtesy title used by the heir apparent to the marquessate of Townshend) before his election to parliament, then assumed his mother's maiden name of Dunn Gardner.

He was Member of Parliament from 1841 to 1847, elected to represent Bodmin as a Conservative. He was also a Justice of the Peace, a Deputy Lieutenant, and High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire in 1859.[4]

In 1872, John Dunn Gardner was the sixth largest landowner in the county of Cambridge, ranking immediately after the Earl of Hardwicke, the Duke of Bedford, John Walbanke Childers MP, the Duke of Rutland, and William Hall. He was the second largest landowner to be resident principally in Cambridgeshire, and owned 3,676 acres (14.88 km2), or about 0.7% of all land in that county.[5]

Dunn Gardner died in January 1903, aged 91.

Sarah, Marchioness Townshend

Sarah and her husband married on 12 May 1807, and were known as Lord and Lady Chartley, a courtesy title from his grandfather, the 1st Marquess Townshend. In September 1807, on the death of the 1st Marquess, the couple became the Earl and Countess of Leicester, also by courtesy. They separated a few months later, in May 1808, and she filed an ecclesiastical suit for annulment, alleging non-consummation, i.e. that the couple had never had sex. While the suit was still pending, Lady Leicester eloped with John Margetts, a brewer, and married him in a bigamous ceremony at Gretna Green in October 1809. Her first marriage was never dissolved, which became a legal problem for the succession of the Townshend peerage. In 1811 her legal husband became the 3rd Marquess Townshend, but after leaving him, she did not use his name for over a decade, calling herself Mrs. Margetts; and Margetts gave his name to their children. Sarah survived both men: Margetts died in 1842, and Marquess Townshend died abroad in December 1855. She remarried a few weeks after her legal widowhood, to James Laidler on 10 January 1856, and died on 11 September 1858.[3][6]

Settling of the grandfather's estate in 1831
Chatteris House

In August 1831, her father William Dunn-Gardner, formerly Dunn, Esq., of Chatteris House (died 10 November 1831) devised (bequeathed) the estate of Soham Mere, bought with the funds originally settled on his daughter and her husband, to his eldest natural grandson John Dunn Gardner, described in 1863 as a stranger in blood under the law.[7] However, at the time (1831), John Dunn Gardner was his legitimate grandson, as the son born to his daughter within wedlock (albeit not by her husband). William Dunn-Gardner apparently devised the estate by name to ensure that his grandson would not be disinherited by any future legal steps taken by the Townshend family, which in fact happened in 1842.

Soham Mere was given to the second brother William Dunn-Gardner, of Fordham Abbey, and descended in the family until 1974 when it was sold to the present owner.[8]

Formal bastardization in 1843

Sarah, Lady Townshend, and John Margetts had several children who bore their father's name until 26 December 1823, when there was a wholesale christening under the Townshend name,[1] but they were all declared illegitimate by a private Act of Parliament brought in 1842 and passed the next year.[1][9][10][11] (One child, being a minor and having no legal guardian, was exempted from the act's provisions,[12][11] but was similarly excluded from succession to the peerage by a second private bill as soon as he came of age.[13]) The eldest son, John, is the subject of this article. In 1843 (after the Act of Parliament declaring him illegitimate was passed) he assumed his mother's surname of Dunn Gardner.[14]

Family

The Dunn-Gardners were descended via William Dunn-Gardner, originally Dunn (d. 1831), and his wife Jane Gardner (d. 1839), who married in 1783 and had an only surviving daughter Sarah, mentioned above. Jane Gardner was herself the only surviving child and heir of her father John Gardner, Esq., of Chatteris House[15] (d. 1804), who married his cousin, the daughter and heir of John Marriott, Esq., of Chatteris House by Barbara Johnstone, sister of his mother. When John Gardner died in 1804, his son-in-law was obliged to change his name from Dunn to Dunn-Gardner to inherit Chatteris House and the other Gardner estates. Burke's Peerage says that the grandson inherited Chatteris in 1839, after his maternal grandmother Jane had died that year.[16]

Although A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain (1862) fails to mention Mr Dunn Gardner's parentage (as the eldest illegitimate son of a brewer John Margetts and his bigamous spouse Sarah Dunn-Gardner, Marchioness Townshend), it credits him with two surviving brothers (William and Cecil) and two sisters. The Townshend Peerage Case 1842-1843 gives details of all the children:

1. a son (b. Jan 1810, died shortly afterwards)


2. John Margetts, later John Dunn Gardner, above (b. July 1811), born and known as John Margetts and so enrolled in school although styling himself Earl of Leicester, but christened December 1823 (with his other siblings) with the surname of Townshends, and then assumed the style of Earl of Leicester until 1843.


3. William[1] Dunn-Gardner, of Fordham Abbey,[17] nr Newmarket, co. Cambridge, JP (23 June 1812[1] – 1879), known as Lord William Townshend from 26 December 1823 until 1843 (as the alleged second surviving son of the 3rd Marquess Townshend), when he and his siblings were declared illegitimate by private act. He inherited the Fordham Abbey estate from his maternal grandfather, but came into possession only in 1839 when his maternal grandmother died, and was at first an unpopular landlord.[18] He married Angelina Wainwright (d. 1923), by whom he had one surviving son and heir Cyril.
3.1. Cyril Dunn-Gardner, of Fordham Abbey (d. 1911).[19] Cyril was of age in 1895, and owned about 1,570 acres (6.4 km2) in Fordham in 1910. He died without issue in 1911, leaving a life interest in the Abbey estate to his mother and former guardian, who died 1923, as above.[18] The Fordham Abbey estate then passed in 1923 to Algernon Charles Wyndham Dunn Gardner (d. 1929), apparently by then the next heir male. (The estate fell to about 1,140 acres (4.6 km2) by his death).


4. Rosa-Jane[1] Dunn-Gardner (born 2 January 1814,[1] or June 1815 per Townshend Peerage Case), used the name of Lady Rosa Jane Townshend December 1823 - 1843, wife of Charles Mottram by 1842.

5. Frederick Thomas Margetts (born 3 July 1816)[1] who died in infancy according to the Townshend Peerage Case.

5. Lavinia-Charlotte-Sarah[1] Dunn-Gardner (b. 5 June 1820[1]), known as Lady Lavinia Charlotte Sarah Townshend from December 1823 to 1843.

6. Cecil Mina Bolivar[20] Dunn-Gardner (born 1825, d.1903),[21] formerly of the 13th light Dragoons, known as Lord Cecil Townshend from birth to age 21 (a second private act forbidding him to use that name and style was then passed). His death is recorded, 7 September 1903. This Cecil Dunn-Gardner was the father of two sons, Robert Cecil,born 18 Sep. 1868, Francis Cyril, bapt. 2 Aug. 1872 (both unmarried)and four daughters - (Lucy) Cecilia or Cissie, Maude, Violet, and Flora:
6.1. Robert Cecil Dunn-Gardner (b. 18 Sep 1868) unmarried
6.2. Francis Cyril Dunn-Gardner (bapt. 2 August 1872)
6.3. (Lucy) Cecilia Dunn-Gardner, or Cissie (d. 24 November 1931), who married 1stly in 1887 Col. Robert Ashton (1848–1898) by whom she had one son and one daughter, and 2ndly in 1899 the 10th Earl of Scarbrough (16 November 1857 – 4 March 1945), by whom she had an only daughter. According to her daughter's obituary (2000),[22] the Countess ignored her daughters, and was known for her vulgarity, solecisms, and malapropisms.
6.4. Violet Dunn Gardner, the artist.
6.5. Maude Dunn Gardner, aged 15 in 1881 (born circa 1865)
6.6. Flora Dunn Gardner, who had issue.[23]

Marriages and children

Dunn Gardner married twice. His first wife, whom he married in 1847, was Mary Lawson (d. 13 April 1851), elder daughter of Andrew Lawson, of Boro Bridge, Boroughbridge, co York formerly MP for Knaresborough, and granddaughter maternally of the late Sir Thomas Gooch, Bt., of Benacre, co. Suffolk. By her, he had issue, one son and one daughter.[24]

His second wife, whom he married in 1853, was Ada Piggott, daughter of William Pigott, Esq., of Dullingham House, Newmarket, co Cambridge, and granddaughter of Sir George Pigott, Bt., of Knapton, Queen's County. By his second wife, he had further issue, a second son and a second daughter.

Children:

  1. (by 1st wife) Arthur Andrew Cecil Dunn-Gardner, J.P. (8 January 1851–28 July 1902),[25] who was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar. His obituary states that he ´devoted his life to the interest of others´, and he was involved with the Society for the Relief of Distress and the Charity Organization Society. He was apparently also a notable book collector like his father.[26] He married 1890 Rose Lawrie, daughter of Andrew Lawrie.[27] She was apparently the Rose Dunn-Gardner, who was active in 1895 in the Society for Organising Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicity (formed 1869), known later as Charity Organisation Society (COS).[28]
  1. (by 1st wife) Mary Marianne Mariana, later Mrs William Robinson (b. 1848–1850) md 1870 her stepmother's brother (Christopher) William Robinson (23 January 1830 – 23 June 1889),[29] of Dullingham House, Newmarket, co Cambridge (the house formerly owned or rented by her stepmother's father) and Denston Hall, co. Suffolk; he was son of William Pigott, Esq., of Dullingham House, Newmarket, co Cambridge (see above) by his wife Harriet Jeaffreson. He changed his name twice from Pigott to Jeaffreson to inherit Dullingham House under the terms of his grandfather's will, and then again to Robinson to inherit Denston Hall, Suffolk, from another relative. He died 23 June 1889, apparently leaving no issue.[30]
  2. (by 2nd wife) Algernon Charles Wyndham Dunn-Gardner, of Denston Hall, co Suffolk, and Chatteris (b. 12 December 1853; d. 1929);[31] he married Harriet Compton of the Minstead family of that name, itself a branch of the Marquesses of Northampton.[32] They had issue, one daughter
    1. Miriam Dunn-Gardner (b. 1905; d. after 1977), married by 1934 to Harvey Cliff Leader (1893–1972), a racehorse trainer at Newmarket. She sold her manorial rights in Fordham Abbey in 1972. The Abbey itself with about 245 acres (0.99 km2) remaining mostly parkland, was sold between 1933 and 1937.[33]
  3. (by 2nd wife) Ada Marietta Dunn-Gardner

Dunn-Gardner died circa 1904–1905, being still living and residing at 37 Grosvenor Place, London, when Ruvigny compiled the Anne of Exeter volume.[34]

gollark: https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/461970193728667648/911352142873378837/unknown.png
gollark: Your thing should obviously include mgollark, as in HGame™3.
gollark: Ah yes, the metaverse.
gollark: Fear it?
gollark: No.

References
  1. "Minutes of Evidence". 1843: 188. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. A. F. Wareham, A. P. M. Wright (2002). "Soham: Manors". A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 10: Cheveley, Flendish, Staine and Staploe Hundreds (north-eastern Cambridgeshire). Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  3. "Obituary: The Marquess Townshend". Gentleman's Magazine. XLV: 182. February 1856.
  4. "No. 22226". The London Gazette. 2 February 1859. p. 454.
  5. Kevin Cahill (2001). Who Owns Britain (and Ireland)
  6. Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1896). "Marquess Townshend". Complete Peerage. 7: 148. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  7. Attorney General vs Gardner, 1863 Hilary Term in The Exchequer Reports: Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Courts of Exchequer & Exchequer Chamber edited by Edwin Tyrrell Hurlstone and Francis Joseph Coltman, and published 1863.
  8. "British History Online - The core printed primary and secondary sources for the medieval and modern history of the British Isles". www.british-history.ac.uk.
  9. Private Act (Not Printed), 6 & 7 Victoria I, c. 35 (12 July 1843), An Act to declare that certain Persons therein mentioned are not Children of the Most Honourable George Ferrars Marquis Townshend. HL/PO/PB/1/1843/6&7V1n126 .
  10. "The Townshend Peerage". 1845: 294. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. Francois Velde (2007) "Genetically Challenged" Queen message from alt.talk.royalty, posted 30 May 2007. The message says in part:
    "The Townshend peerage case was one where Marquis Townshend (then called Lord Chartley) married Sarah Dunn Gardner in 1807; a year later she left her husband, sued in Ecclesiastical court to have the marriage annulled because of his impotence but dropped the suit and eloped with a brewer of St. Ives. Their children initially bore the brewer's name (Margetts) but from 1823 took the name Townshend, and one took the style of Earl of Leicester. The marquis took no steps to dissolve the marriage, and his brother had no means to dispute the legitimacy of the so-called Earl of Leicester, because no property depended on the title. As time went by and witnesses died off, it seemed the imposture might not be preventable. So the brother and heir presumptive petitioned the House of Lords for inquiry respecting the descent of these honours in May 1842. The next year the marquis himself also petitioned the House.
    Ultimately a private bill was brought "to declare the illegitimacy of certain persons alleged or claiming to be children of the Most Honourable George Ferrars, Marquis Townshend". There was much debate (how could you bastardize the children of a valid and continuing marriage? Was the royal prerogative not infringed? What about ordinary courts?). In the end the bill received royal assent on July 12, 1843 intituled "An Act to declare taht [sic] certain persons therein mentioned are not children of the Most Honourable George Ferrars, Marquis Townshend" (6 & 7 Vict c. 35) and declaring that "the said several children of the said Sarah Gardner, Marchioness Townshend, hereinbefore respectively mentioned, are not nor were, nor shall they or any of them, be taken to be or be deemed the lawful issue of the said George Ferrars Marquis Townshend" (one child, having no legal guardian, was excepted from the provisions). (Based on Frederick Clifford, A History of Private Bill Legislation, 1885, vol. 1 p. 443–450.)"
  12. "The Townshend Peerage". 1845: 318. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. Private Act (not Printed), 10 & 11 Victoria I, c. 37 (1847), An Act to extend the Relief given by an Act of the Sixth and Seventh Years of the Reign of Her present Majesty, intituled An Act to declare that certain Persons therein mentioned are not Children of the Most Honourable George Ferrars Marquis Townshend. HL/PO/PB/1/1847/10&11V1n132 .
  14. London Gazette (20250): 2703. 11 August 1843 http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/20250/pages/2703. Retrieved 27 March 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. His grandfather was also described as John Gardner, Esq., of Chatteris by the 1862 Burke's.
  16. A.F. Wareham and A.P.M Wright (2002). 'Fordham: Manors and other estates', A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 10: Cheveley, Flendish, Staine and Staploe Hundreds (north-eastern Cambridgeshire) (2002), pp. 395–402. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
  17. "Fordham Abbey".
  18. A.F. Wareham and A.P.M Wright (2002). Ibid.
  19. "Fordham Abbey is the seat of Cyril Dunn-Gardner esq.". He is possibly the same as Captain Francis Cyril Dunn-Gardner or Captain F.C. Dunn Gardner, who was commissioned into the army in 1891, promoted to Lieutenant in 1893, served in the Boer War, and disappeared from Army Lists by 1901, with the note "Removed from Army".
  20. "The Townshend Peerage". 1845: 317–318. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. Date of birth listed as 1825 in the Townshend Peerage Case. However, his date of birth was listed as 1827 in the accessions list of the National Archives. His library was partly sold in June 1880; such sales often took place after the death of the collector in question. However Janus says he died 1903
  22. Telegraph staff (28 October 2000). "Obituary: Lady Serena James". Daily Telegraph.
  23. Her son Robin wrote the first account of his great-grandmother Sarah's life. Robin was a close friend of his first cousin Dorothy Wellesley; both were poets, but he was also homosexual while she was bisexual. See blurb for Campion's book.
  24. Ruvigny. The Plantagenet Roll: The Anne of Exeter Volume, p.555 and Burke's Landed Gentry 1862, p. 531.
  25. "Obituary - Artur Dunn Gardner". The Times (36833). London. 30 July 1902. p. 10.
  26. : A Calendar of the Names of Over 17,000 Men and Women by William Carew Hazlitt (published 1971) lists Cecil (1897), his father John Dunn-Gardner (1854), and a Cyril Dunn-Gardner, apparently son of William Dunn-Gardner, of Fordham Abbey.
  27. Ruvigny. The Plantagenet Roll: The Anne of Exeter Volume, p.555
  28. Robert Whelan, based on research by Barendina Smedley. "Helping the Poor: Friendly visiting, dole charities and dole queues", Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, London, first published October 2001. Retrieved 13 February 2008. Rose Dunn-Gardner was an advocate for formal training, and published a paper that year, which led to the formation of a Committee on Training, which eventually gave rise by 1903 to a de facto school of social work, now part of the Department of Sociology at the London School of Economics. Rose herself disliked the growing professionalization of social work, and resigned in protest over a paid appointment some years later.
  29. (Christopher) William Robinson Archived 2 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  30. Ruvigny. Ibid. Also see Jeaffreson Archived 2 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine for many of the details of his birthdate, relationship to his wife's stepmother (his own sister) and his name changes to inherit.
  31. A Dictionary of Suffolk Crests: Heraldic Crests of Suffolk Families by Joan Corder - 1998
  32. "The History of St. Nichoas Parish Church, Denston", last modified 27 September 2006. Retrieved 13 February 2008
  33. 'Fordham: Manors and other estates', A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 10: Cheveley, Flendish, Staine and Staploe Hundreds (north-eastern Cambridgeshire) (2002), pp. 395–402. URL: "Fordham: Manors and other estates". Date accessed: 12 February 2008.
  34. "Cambridgeshire History - Cambridgeshire". www.cambridgeshirehistory.com.

Sources
  • 'North Witchford Hundred: Chatteris', A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely: Volume 4: City of Ely; Ely, N. and S. Witchford and Wisbech Hundreds (2002) pp. 103–109. Date accessed: 13 February 2008. In this entry, the family is called (Dunn) Gardiner not (Dunn) Gardner. Chatteris House (No. 17 High Street), built in 1828, and now private apartments, is described as "a fine early-19th-century building, with portico porch sheltering a good doorway and door, an iron balcony above, and a central pediment. Inside, the staircase is of stone with an iron balustrade, and there are some moulded plaster ceilings."
  • Pictures of Chatteris House
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Samuel Thomas Spry
Charles Crespigny Vivian		 Member of Parliament for Bodmin
1841–1847
With: Charles Crespigny Vivian 1841–1843
Sir Samuel Thomas Spry 1843–1847		 Succeeded by
James Wyld
Henry Charles Lacy
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