Jean E. Fairfax

Jean Emily Fairfax (October 20, 1920 – February 12, 2019)[1][2][3] was an American educator, civil rights worker, community organizer, and philanthropist whose efforts have focused on achieving equity in education, especially for poor African Americans. She served as Director of Community Services of the NAACP from 1965 to 1984.

Jean Fairfax
Born(1920-10-20)October 20, 1920
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
DiedFebruary 12, 2019(2019-02-12) (aged 98)
Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
EducationUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor (BA)
Columbia University (MA)

Early life and education

Fairfax was born in 1920 in Columbus, Ohio. She learned the importance of education from the example of her parents, who were the first in their families to be born legally free[4] and who went on to earn college degrees.[5]:219 She attended Cleveland public schools and earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan in 1941, graduating with honors in Liberal Arts and being inducted into the honor society Phi Beta Kappa. In 1944 she earned a master's degree in World Religions from Union Theological Seminary, where she studied under Reinhold Niebuhr. She later attended Harvard University as a Radcliffe visiting scholar, 1984-1986.[5]:219

Career in education and church activism

In 1942, Fairfax moved to Kentucky and served as Dean of Women at Kentucky State College until 1944. Subsequently, she served as Dean of Women at Tuskegee Institute in Tuskeegee, Alabama from 1944 to 1946. Because her role at these colleges included coordinating religious activities, she became involved with numerous organizations in the Student Christian Movement in the South. The interconnection among faith, service, and justice was a core value for Fairfax. She once explained, "Back then [in her childhood] we talked very much about the need, the obligation that we have as individuals to work for social justice. It was part of my religious upbringing. I have a deep concern about what happens to the community, that is, I don’t separate myself from what happens to my people."[6] She also commented, "As faithful Christians, we are taught not to separate faith from action."[6]

Fairfax worked very closely with the local YWCA and the Fellowship of Southern Churchmen.[7]:7 The main goal of the Fellowship, she said, was "to affirm the unity of the Christian fellowship in a divided society [...] and to translate that into specific acts."[7]:3 It held open fellowship meetings and public gatherings across racial lines, at a time when to do so was itself considered a political act. Through this work, Fairfax became close friends with the influential civil rights leader and feminist Nelle Morton, then the executive secretary of the Fellowship.

American Friends Service Committee

After World War II, from 1946 to 1948, Fairfax served as a program director for the American Friends Service Committee, a Quaker organization. She traveled to Austria to participate in direct relief work. In 1949 she returned to the U.S. and continued to work for the AFSC as its representative to students in colleges and universities in New England.[7] Fairfax returned to the South in 1957 to work for eight years as director for the Southern Civil Rights Program of the AFSC. She worked closely with African-American families affected by school desegregation cases. When those families participating in desegregation litigation suffered economic reprisals, she helped them receive modest financial support.[8]

In 1965, Fairfax joined the NAACP Legal Defense Fund.[7]:6 In this capacity she made important contributions to the civil rights movement in the South, as she continued to organize and assist black families confronted with the effects of early school desegregation. She drove Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF) attorneys through rural Mississippi to meet with parents to discuss their decision about whether to send their children to white schools with a high risk of hostility.[8] In addition, Fairfax personally (with Derrick Bell) escorted 6-year-old Debra Lewis to her first day of integrating the all-white Carthage Elementary School in rural Leake County, MS.

Interviewed by the Christian Science Monitor, Fairfax once said, "Someone had to break the pattern, and very often the civil rights revolution was initiated by the most vulnerable black persons. Many of them were women and many of them were children -- tough, resilient, hopeful, beautiful children. The greatest experience of my life was standing with them as they took the risks."[4] Later she would claim that rural counties of the Deep South had some of the most integrated school systems in the nation.[4]

Fairfax's efforts at educational opportunity were not limited to young children in the rural South. She fought for historically black colleges to prevent their downgrading or closure in the face of cutbacks in funding and programs. In addition, she organized a group of women from across many denominations to demand a school lunch program for needy children. This led to reform of the National School Lunch program.[8]

Philanthropic work

After resigning from the NAACP Legal Defense Fund in 1985, Fairfax, together with her sister Betty, turned her attention to philanthropy. That same year, she moved to Phoenix, Arizona to be with Betty, who had been working there since 1950 as a teacher, guidance counselor, and civil rights advocate. (The Phoenix school district honored Betty in 2007 by naming a new high school the Betty H. Fairfax High School.[9]) In 1987, the two sisters established the endowment for the Dan and Betty Inez Fairfax Memorial Fund to expand educational opportunities for African American and Latinx students. That same year, at the Mary McLeod Bethune School in Phoenix, they "adopted" a class of eighth-grade students, challenging them to complete high school and enroll in a four-year college; they promised to fund 92 of those who did with a scholarship of $1,000 per year.[5]:220

Some other philanthropic initiatives of the Fairfax sisters include:

  • The Betty H. & Jean E. Fairfax Fund for Educational Equity (Arizona).[10]
  • Jean founded the Black Legacy Endowed Fund, which she has served as a trustee.[10]
  • The Jean Fairfax Scholarship at the University of Michigan, awarded to exceptional high school seniors in extremely impoverished school districts. It provides the equivalent of four years of full tuition at the university.[11]
  • As trustee of the Arizona Community Foundation, Fairfax led the initiative to establish the Social Justice Fund to address a variety of social justice issues.[5]:220
  • The Betty H. Fairfax Medallion Scholarship at Kent State University (endowment: $100,000) to support African American students from Cleveland who wish to pursue careers as teachers in the inner cities.[5]:220
  • The Betty H. & Jean E. Fairfax Cleveland Foundation, to support minority students from community colleges and universities.[5]:220

In addition to promoting educational equity through philanthropy, Jean Fairfax also developed an interest in achieving greater diversity in philanthropic giving, especially among African Americans. Writing in "Black Philanthropy: Its Heritage and Its Future" (1995), she admitted that she herself at first adopted the widespread misconception that "philanthropists were white people with inherited wealth or who made big deals in their investments or in their industrial work, like the Carnegies and the Rockefellers."[12] However, she and her sister were able, on modest incomes, to donate over $100,000 a year to causes they supported by living frugally.[5]:220 Since 1987, the endowments they created have distributed over one million dollars.[5]:220 With Temple University, she has worked to develop an outreach program called African American Reunions and Philanthropy, encouraging families to use the occasion of family reunions as a forum for discussing philanthropy as a family enterprise.[5]:220

Boards, committees and organizations

A partial list of boards, committees and organizations Fairfax has served on include:[5]:220

Awards and honors
  • Lifetime Achievement Award, Radcliffe College, 1983[13]
  • Council of Foundations, Distinguished Grantmaker of the Year Award, 1989[5]:220
  • Honorary doctorate of laws, Tougaloo College, 1991[5]:220
  • Lifetime Achievement Award, First National Conference of Black Philanthropy, 1997[5]:220
  • Leadership for Equity and Diversity Award for Women and Philanthropy, 1998[5]:220
  • President's Social Responsibility Award, Kent State University, 2000 (with Betty Fairfax)[5]:220
  • Martin Luther King, Jr. Servant Leaders, Arizona State University, 2003[5]:220
gollark: No.
gollark: I don't know which university I actually want to go to out of the ones which didn't reject me, because deciding such things is very hard.
gollark: This means you have to apply 3 months earlier like medicine students.
gollark: Yes, well.
gollark: They also have the early application deadline.

References
  1. McClure, Phyllis. "Jean Fairfax." In: Notable Black American Women, Book 2, p. 212. Gale Research, 1996.
  2. "Jean Fairfax Obituary". Legacy.com.
  3. Seelye, Katharine Q. (1 March 2019). "Jean Fairfax, Unsung but Undeterred in Integrating Schools, Dies at 98". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  4. Manuel, Diane Casselberry (February 2, 1984). "Jean Fairfax: still devoted to proving justice is possible". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on July 19, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  5. Jones, Rhonda D. (2008). "Fairfax, Jean E.". In Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.; Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks (eds.). The African-American National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  6. Picker, Lester A. (2001). "Jean and Betty Fairfax: An African-American Family's Experiences in Faith and Philanthropy". In Foote, Joseph (ed.). Faith and Family Philanthropy: Grace, Gratitude, and Generosity. Washington, DC: National Center for Family Philanthropy. Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  7. "Oral History Interview with Jean Fairfax, October 15, 1983. Interview F-0013. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007)". Documenting the American South. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  8. "Black History Month Spotlight: Jean Fairfax". NAACP Legal Defense Fund. February 13, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  9. "Looking Kids in the Eye Every Day" (PDF). Teachers College, Columbia University. Winter 2012. p. 72. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 19, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  10. "Jean Fairfax: Champion for Education". AZ Red Book. August 11, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  11. "Jean Fairfax Scholarship". Seelio. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
  12. Fairfax, Jean (Summer 1995). "Black Philanthropy: Its Heritage and Its Future". New Directions for Philanthropic Fundraising. 8: 9–21.
  13. "9 Women Who Excelled are Honored by Radcliffe". New York Times. October 31, 1983. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
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