James Wilson (zoologist)

James Wilson of Woodville FRSE (1795–1856) was a 19th-century Scottish zoologist.

Portrait from his 1859 biography

Life
The grave of James Wilson, Dean Cemetery

He was the youngest son of John Wilson (died 1796), a gauze manufacturer, and his wife Margaret Sym, and was born at Paisley 20 November 1794. His father having died during James's first year, the family moved to Edinburgh, where he was educated. In 1811 he began to study for the law, but his health was poor.

Wilson joined the Wernerian Society when just 17.

In 1816 Wilson visited the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, and Paris. He later returned to Paris to purchase Louis Dufresne's collection of birds for the museum of Edinburgh University; and helped to arrange them. In 1819 he visited Sweden, soon after which symptoms of lung disease appeared, and he resided in Italy during 1820–1821. In 1824 he married Isabella Keith, and settled down at Woodburn, Dalkeith near Edinburgh, where he wrote and worked on scientific pursuits. Losing his wife in 1837, he took a winter residence in George Square, Edinburgh. He purchased Woodville in south Edinburgh in 1838.[1]

In 1827 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Robert Jameson. From 1850 until death he was curator for the society.[2]

In 1841, with Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, he made a series of excursions round the coasts of Scotland, at the request of the Fisheries Board, to study the natural history of the herring. Other trips followed at intervals between 1843 and 1850, and fishing excursions inland. In 1854 he was offered but declined the chair of natural history in the Edinburgh University, vacated by the death of Edward Forbes.

He died at Woodville House[3] on Canaan Lane in Morningside, Edinburgh on 18 May 1856. He is buried in Dean Cemetery in west Edinburgh. The grave lies in the small central south section facing onto the main central path. It stands immediately in front of the more distinctive grave of his brother John Wilson.

Family

In 1824 he married Isabella Keith (d.1837). Their daughter, Marianne (Marion) Rae Wilson married James Alexander Russell FRSE.[4]

John Wilson who wrote as "Christopher North" was his eldest brother; Matthew Leishman was his cousin, and lived nearby; Henrietta Wilson the writer was his niece, daughter of his brother Andrew.

His niece, Henrietta Margaret Sym Wilson (1810–1863) lost her parents and came to live with him at Woodville. She was a novelist of some note.[5] She is buried with him in Dean Cemetery.

Evolution

Wilson was one of the first to have used the term "evolution" in the context of biological speciation.[6] In 1830, he used this term in a paper on the history of goat and sheep, he wrote:

Whatever dreams the mystical imaginings of some modern philosophers may have given rise to regarding the origin of species, and the gradual evolution of one form of animal life as connected with or consequent upon another, it is not a bad rule, though a tolerably old fashioned one, to believe that in the origin of species nothing was left entirely to such casual intercourses, but rather that every thing was not only divinely planned, but directly performed, by the same simple though Omnipotent fiat which gathered together the waters under the heaven, and made the dry land appear, with all the beautiful, infinitely varied, and most harmoniously adapted inhabitants of either element.[7]

Wilson's use of the term predated Charles Lyell in 1832. Wilson had rejected the evolution of species for creationism.[6]

Works

He was author of:

  • Illustrations of Zoology, Edinburgh, 1826, 9 pts.
  • Entomologia Edinensis, written with James Duncan, Edinburgh, 1834.
  • Treatise on Insects, Edinburgh, 1835.
  • Introduction to the Natural History of Quadrupeds and Whales, Edinburgh, 1838.
  • Introduction to the Natural History of Fishes, Edinburgh, 1838.
  • Introduction to the Natural History of Birds, Edinburgh, 1839.
  • The Rod and Gun, Edinburgh, 1840; new edition, 1844.
  • A Voyage round the Coasts of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1842, 2 vols.
  • Illustrations of Scripture. By an Animal Painter, with Notes by a Naturalist [signed ‘J. W.’], Edinburgh (1855).

For the Edinburgh Cabinet Library he wrote the zoology of India, China, Africa, and the northern regions of North America; and contributed the greater part of the natural history and a life of Professor Forbes to the seventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. He published articles in the Quarterly Magazine, Blackwood's Magazine, and other periodicals.

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References
  1. Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1838
  2. Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5.
  3. Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1856
  4. Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5.
  5. ODNB: James Wilson - Henrietta Wilson
  6. Örstan, Aydin. (2014). Two early nineteenth-century uses of the term "evolution" to denote biological speciation. Archives of Natural History. Vol. 41, No. 2: pp. 360-362.
  7. Wilson, James. (1830). On the Origin and Natural History of the Sheep and Goat. Quarterly Journal of Agriculture 2: 354-376.
Attribution

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Wilson, James (1795-1856)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.

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