James S. Ketchum

James Sanford Ketchum (November 1, 1931 – May 27, 2019) was a psychiatrist and United States Army Medical Corps officer who worked for almost a decade (1960–1969) on the U.S. military’s top secret psychochemical warfare program at the Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland, which pursued research on chemicals to be used to “incapacitate the minds” of adversaries.[1]

Biography

Ketchum was born in Manhattan and brought up in Brooklyn, New York and Queens, New York. After graduating from Forest Hills High School, he attended Dartmouth College before receiving his undergraduate degree from Columbia University in 1952. In 1956, he received his M.D. degree from Cornell Medical School. He joined the Army that year and served his internship at Letterman Army Hospital in San Francisco (1956–57). After a psychiatry residency at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C. (1957–59), he was granted board certification in that specialty and joined researchers at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.

In 1960, Ketchum agreed to an unconventional assignment at Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland and spent most of the next decade (1960–69) there testing over a dozen potential “incapacitating agents”, including LSD, BZ and marijuana derivatives. He played a pivotal role in psychoactive drug testing of hundreds of military volunteers — known rather prosaically as the "Medical Research Volunteer Program" — a story kept highly classified for almost fifty years until his memoir was published in 2006.

In 1964, Ketchum oversaw an important field test at the Dugway Proving Ground, in Utah. The test, code-named Project DORK, was intended to determine if an aerosol of the delirium-inducing BZ could incapacitate soldiers at distances of 500–1000 yards. Ketchum directed an Army film documenting the effort called Cloud of Confusion (1964).[2]

Ketchum had additional psychiatric training during a fellowship at Stanford University in California (1966–68); during this period he worked at the Haight Ashbury Free Clinics (he did not tell his hippie patients he was an army doctor). He then returned to Edgewood for a final year; this was followed by tours at Fort Sam Houston, Texas (1971–73) and Fort Benning, Georgia (1973–76).

After leaving military service as a colonel in 1976, Ketchum became an associate professor at the University of Texas Medical School and later an assistant clinical professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. As a civilian, Ketchum acquired broad experience in the area of alcohol and drug abuse and published numerous scientific articles and book chapters. His activities at teaching hospitals included many invited lectures, seminars and the direct supervision of medical students. As a clinician he spent 30 years in hospital and outpatient settings, as well as a variety of community clinics and residential treatment centers.

Ketchum resided in Santa Rosa, California until moving to Peoria, Arizona after the Santa Rosa fire which came a few blocks from burning his home. He was a lifelong friend of Sasha Shulgin.[2] Ketchum died in Peoria at the age of 87 on May 27, 2019.[3]

Works
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  • Ketchum, James S.; Sidell, Frederick R. (1997). "Incapacitating Agents" (PDF). In Borden Institute (ed.). Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare. Textbook of Military Medicine. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 2012-08-26.
  • James S. Ketchum (2006). Chemical Warfare: Secrets Almost Forgotten. ChemBooks Inc. pp. 380pp. ISBN 978-1-4243-0080-8. A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the Cold War (1955-1975)
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See also

References
  1. Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 17, 2012). "Operation Delirium: Decades after a risky Cold War experiment, a scientist lives with secrets". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  2. James S. Ketchum (2012). Chemical Warfare: Secrets Almost Forgotten. AuthorHouse. pp. 380pp. ISBN 978-1-4243-0080-8. A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the Cold War (1955-1975)
  3. "James Ketchum, Who Conducted LSD Experiments on Soldiers, Dies at 87". The New York Times. June 3, 2019.
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