James Otis Jr.

James Otis Jr. (February 5, 1725 – May 23, 1783) was an American lawyer, political activist, pamphleteer, and legislator in Boston, a member of the Massachusetts provincial assembly, and an early advocate of the Patriot views against the policy of Parliament which led to the American Revolution. His well-known catchphrase "Taxation without Representation is tyranny" became the basic Patriot position.[1][2]

James Otis
Portrait by Joseph Blackburn, 1755
Born(1725-02-05)February 5, 1725
Barnstable, Massachusetts Bay, British America
DiedMay 23, 1783(1783-05-23) (aged 58)
Andover, Massachusetts, U.S.
Resting placeGranary Burying Ground, Boston
Occupationlawyer, political activist, pamphleteer, and legislator
Known forOration against British writs of assistance February 5, 1761, which catapulted him into the first ranks of Patriot leaders
Spouse(s)Ruth Cunningham
ChildrenJames, Elizabeth Brown
Mary Lincoln
Parent(s)James Otis Sr.
Mary Allyne
Bronze sculpture of James Otis Jr. in front of the Barnstable County Courthouse

Early life

Otis was born in West Barnstable, Massachusetts, the second of 13 children and the first to survive infancy. His sister Mercy Otis Warren, his brother Joseph Otis, and his youngest brother Samuel Allyne Otis became leaders of the American Revolution, as did his nephew Harrison Gray Otis.[3] His father Colonel James Otis Sr. was a prominent lawyer and militia officer. Father and son had a tumultuous relationship. His father sent him a letter articulating his disappointments and encouraging him to seek God's righteousness to better himself.[4]

In 1755, Otis married Ruth Cunningham, a merchant's daughter and heiress to a fortune worth £10,000.[5] Their politics were quite different, yet they were attached to each other. Otis later "half-complained that she was a 'High Tory,'" yet in the same breath declared that "she was a good Wife, and too good for him",[6] in the words of John Adams. The marriage produced children James, Elizabeth, and Mary. Their son James died at age 18. Their daughter Elizabeth was a Loyalist like her mother; she married Captain Brown of the British Army and lived in England for the rest of her life. Their youngest daughter Mary married Benjamin Lincoln, son of the distinguished Continental Army General Benjamin Lincoln.

Writs of assistance

Otis graduated from Harvard in 1743 and rose to the top of the Boston legal profession. In 1760, he received a prestigious appointment as Advocate General of the Admiralty Court. He promptly resigned, however, when Governor Francis Bernard failed to appoint his father to the promised position of Chief Justice of the province's highest court; the position instead went to Otis's longtime opponent Thomas Hutchinson.

In 1761, a group of outraged Boston businessmen which included Ezekiel Goldthwait engaged Otis to challenge the legality of "writs of assistance" before the Superior Court, the predecessor of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. These writs enabled the authorities to enter any home with no advance notice, no probable cause, and no reason given.[7][8][9][10]

Otis considered himself a loyal subject to the Crown, yet he argued against the writs of assistance in a nearly five-hour oration before a select audience in the State House in February 1761. His argument failed to win his case, but it galvanized the revolutionary movement. John Adams recollected years later: "Otis was a flame of fire; with a promptitude of classical allusions, a depth of research, a rapid summary of historical events and dates, a profusion of legal authorities."[11] Adams promoted Otis as a major player in the coming of the Revolution. Adams said, "I have been young and now I am old, and I solemnly say I have never known a man whose love of country was more ardent or sincere, never one who suffered so much, never one whose service for any 10 years of his life were so important and essential to the cause of his country as those of Mr. Otis from 1760 to 1770." Adams claimed that "the child independence was then and there born, every man of an immense crowded audience appeared to me to go away as I did, ready to take arms against writs of assistance."

Otis expanded his argument in a pamphlet published in 1765 to state that the general writs violated the British constitution harkening back to the Magna Carta. The text of his 1761 speech was much enhanced by Adams on several occasions; it was first printed in 1773 and in longer forms in 1819 and 1823.[12] According to James R. Ferguson,[13] the four tracts that Otis wrote during 1764–65 reveal contradictions and even intellectual confusion. Otis was the first leader of the period to develop distinctive American theories of constitutionalism and representation, but he relied on traditional views of Parliamentary authority. He refused to follow the logical direction of his natural law theory by drawing back from radicalism, according to Ferguson, who feels that Otis appears inconsistent. Samuelson, on the other hand, argues that Otis should be seen as a practical political thinker rather than a theorist, and that explains why his positions changed as he adjusted to altered political realities and exposed the constitutional dilemmas of colonial parliamentary representation and the relationship between Great Britain and the North American colonies.[14]

Otis did not identify himself as a revolutionary; his peers, too, generally viewed him as more cautious than the incendiary Samuel Adams. Otis at times counseled against the mob violence of the radicals and argued against Adams's proposal for a convention of all the colonies resembling that of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Yet, on other occasions, Otis exceeded Adams in rousing passions and exhorting people to action. He even called his compatriots to arms at a town meeting on September 12, 1768, according to some accounts.[15]

Patriot and pamphleteer

Otis was originally in the rural Popular Party, but he effectively made alliances with Boston merchants and he grew in popularity after the controversy over the writs of assistance. He was elected by an overwhelming margin to the provincial assembly a month later. He subsequently wrote several important patriotic pamphlets, served in the assembly, and was a leader of the Stamp Act Congress. He also was friends with Thomas Paine, the author of Common Sense.

He was banished from Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Watertown in 1743, and he suffered from increasingly erratic behavior as the 1760s progressed. He received a gash on the head from the tax collector John Robinson's cudgel at the British Coffee House in 1769. Some attribute Otis's mental illness to this event alone, but John Adams, Thomas Hutchinson, and many others mention his mental illness well before 1769. The blow to the head probably made it worse and, shortly after, he could no longer continue his work. By the end of the decade, Otis's public life largely came to an end, though he was able to do occasional legal practice during times of clarity.

Otis asserted that blacks had inalienable rights, and he favored extending the freedoms of life, liberty, and property to them. The idea of racial equality also permeates his Rights of the British Colonies (1764), in which he states:

The colonists are by the law of nature freeborn, as indeed all men are, white or black.

— James Otis, Rights of the British Colonies, 1764[16]

Later life and death
James Otis's grave in the Granary Burying Ground

The decline in Otis's mental health was noted by friends and foes alike. In February 1771, John Adams wrote that Otis was "raving mad, raving against father, wife, brother, sister, friend." Thomas Hutchinson wrote to Governor Bernard in December 1771 that "Otis was carried off today in a postchaise, bound hand and foot. He has been as good as his word—set the Province in a flame and perished in the attempt." Otis spent the remainder of his life battling mental illness while living with friends and family in the Massachusetts countryside. Massachusetts Governor John Hancock held a dinner in his honor in 1783, but the event was too much for Otis's fragile mental state and he returned to the countryside.

Near the end of his life, Otis burned the majority of his papers without explanation. Historians and biographers have access to his published papers, but this act prevented deeper insights into his life and thoughts that are available for other historical figures.[17] On May 23, 1783, Otis was killed by a bolt of lightning while watching a thunderstorm from the doorway of a friend's home.[18][19]

Selected published works
  • The Rudiments of Latin Prosody (1760). Otis published the first of two treatises on prosody, and his alma mater Harvard eventually adapted it as a textbook.
  • A Vindication of the Conduct of the House of Representatives (1762). The first political publication by Otis. Here he uses an example of an expenditure not sanctioned by the colonial legislature as the foundation of his theory that taxes can be charged only by a representative government. In effect, he summarizes the argument that held a central place in Revolutionary rhetoric.
  • The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (1764). This pamphlet sets down another important philosophy underpinning the Revolutionary debate: it asserts that rights are not derived from human institutions, but from nature and God. Thus, government does not exist to please monarchs but to promote the good of the entire society.
  • Considerations on Behalf of the Colonists (1765). This pamphlet expands the author's argument from The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved. He furthers the notion of natural rights by linking it to the theory of equal representation. In this year, he also authored the pamphlets Vindication of the British Colonies and Brief Remarks on the Defence of the Halifax Libel, Otis's last, in which he grants Parliament complete authority over the colonies. Scholars have settled on two explanations for his drastic reversal: either he temporarily became mentally ill, or he intended to use these pieces to defend himself against charges of treason.
gollark: ... he does realize they can be edited by category?
gollark: https://discord.com/channels/424394851170385921/424396218031013888/695830882535211170
gollark: Yes. Somewhere.
gollark: What are *you* selling, Vertox?
gollark: I did earlier.

References
  1. The slogan was already in use in Ireland.McCullough, David (2001). John Adams. New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster. pp. 61. ISBN 978-0-7432-2313-3.
  2. https://www.vox.com/2020/7/3/21311294/delcaration-of-independence-fourth-of-july-american-revolution-the-ezra-klein-show
  3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2010-12-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. Nielsen, Kim E. (2012). A Disability History of the United States. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8070-2204-7.
  5. Charles H. Turtle, "Christopher Kilby of Boston", New England Hist. and Mass. Register, XXVI (1872), 4,4, n
  6. John Adams Diary, I, 349 (January 16, 1770).
  7. Sabine, Lorenzo. The American Loyalists, pp 328-9, Charles C. Little and James Brown, Boston, Massachusetts, 1847.
  8. Monk, Linda R. The Words We Live By, p 158, Hyperion, New York, New York, 2003. ISBN 0-7868-6720-5.
  9. Nash, Gary B. The Unknown American Revolution, pp 21-23, Viking, New York, New York, 2005. ISBN 0-670-03420-7.
  10. Miller, John C. Origins of the American Revolution, pp 46-7, Little, Brown & Company, Boston, Massachusetts, 1943.
  11. Adams, John; Tudor, William (Dec 22, 1819). "Novanglus, and Massachusettensis: Or, Political Essays, Published in the Years 1774 and 1775, on the Principal Points of Controversy, Between Great Britain and Her Colonies". Hews & Goss. Retrieved Dec 22, 2019 – via Google Books.
  12. "James Otis". www.u-s-history.com. Retrieved Dec 22, 2019.
  13. Ferguson, 1979
  14. Samuelson, 1999
  15. "James Otis, Jr". Geni. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  16. Breen, 1998
  17. Trickey, Erick (May 5, 2017). "Why the Colonies' Most Galvanizing Patriot Never Became a Founding Father". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
  18. Samuelson, Richard (2015). "The Life, Times, and Political Writings of James Otis". James Otis, The Collected Political Writings of James Otis. Liberty Fund. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  19. Stark, James H. (1907). The Loyalists of Massachusetts And the Other Side of the American Revolution. Boston: W.B. Clarke Co. p. 35. ISBN 978-0548783405. Hutchinson wrote, Otis was carried away, bound hand and foot.

Further reading
  • Breen, T. H. "Subjecthood and Citizenship: The Context of James Otis's Radical Critique of John Locke," New England Quarterly (Sep., 1998) 71#3, pp. 378–403 in JSTOR
  • Brennan, Ellen E. "James Otis: Recreant and Patriot," New England Quarterly (1939) 12:691–725 in JSTOR
  • Clancy, Thomas K., "The Importance of James Otis," 82 Miss. L.J. 487 (2013).
  • Farrell, James M. "The Writs of Assistance and Public Memory: John Adams and the Legacy of James Otis," New England Quarterly (2006) 79#4 pp. 533–556 in JSTOR
  • Ferguson, James R. "Reason in Madness: The Political Thought of James Otis," William and Mary Quarterly, (1979): 36(2):194–214. in JSTOR
  • Frese, Joseph R. "James Otis and the Writs of Assistance," New England Quarterly 30 (1957) 30:496–508 in JSTOR
  • Pencak, William. "Otis, James" in American National Biography Online Feb. 2000
  • Samuelson, Richard A. "The Constitutional Sanity of James Otis: Resistance Leader and Loyal Subject," Review of Politics (Summer, 1999), 61#3 pp. 493–523 in JSTOR
  • Shipton, Clifford K. Sibley's Harvard Graduates, vol. 11 (1960), pp. 247–87, a short scholarly biography
  • * Tudor, William. (1823). The Life of James Otis, of Massachusetts: Containing Also, Notices of Some Contemporary Characters and Events, from the Year 1760 to 1775. Boston, MA: Wells and Lilly.
  • Waters, John J. Jr., The Otis Family in Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts (1968)
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