James Maxwell (scholar)

James Maxwell (c.1581 – in or after 1635) was a Scottish scholar, known as an author on mythology and prophecy. Most of his works are lost.[1] He advocated for the view that the House of Stuart would found the Last World Empire of prophetic tradition.[2]

Life

He was the only son of William Maxwell of Little Airds, and grandson of William Maxwell of Kirkconnell, Kirkcudbrightshire, man-at-arms to James V of Scotland, and also in the service of his queen, Mary of Guise, and of his daughter, Mary Queen of Scots. He was educated at Edinburgh University, where he graduated M.A. 29 July 1600.[3] In his Edinburgh time he was a follower of John Napier.[4] He then went abroad.[3]

Maxwell lived in London for a period, and renounced Calvinism in 1607, adopting a conservative religious viewpoint.[1] He spent time in the Tower of London from the middle of 1620 to February 1621, after publishing a pamphlet against the claim of the Elector Palatine to Bohemia. This slant towards the House of Habsburg, at the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, put paid to Maxwell's hopes of advancement in England, and in particular of a post he coveted, historian in Chelsea College.[1] He then returned to the continent of Europe.[3]

Around 1630 Maxwell had been working as genealogist to Philip IV of Spain.[5] On 30 April 1631 he wrote from Brussels to Archbishop William Laud, complaining of threats of assassination because he would not forsake Protestantism. Emperor Ferdinand II had, he declared, commanded his presence at court, and offered him spiritual preferment, with the office of imperial antiquary and genealogist, and a pension of a thousand crowns after the death of Sebastian Tegnangel.[3] (Tegnangel in fact died in 1636.)[6] In recompense for his books written in defence of the Church of England against the Puritans, and towards finishing one on the king's genealogy, he asked for a lay prebend.[3] Gilbert Blackhall commented on Scots of this period who had spurned offers from the Spanish king, and their lack of Habsburg prospects (and may have had Maxwell in mind). Court patronage generally dried up in Brussels after 1633.[7]

Works

Maxwell dealt in his publications with religion, history, genealogy, and antiquarian research, as well as poetry. His style has been compared to that of Sir Thomas Urquhart, and earned from Laud the nickname "Mountebank Maxwell".[3] He identified with a neo-Platonic tradition, against Aristotelianism: Plato and Hermes Trismegistus, but also Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficino, and Franciscus Patricius.[8]

Admirable and Notable Prophecies

Admirable and Notable Prophecies[9] (1615) has been called Maxwell's "most substantial" publication, and touches on a wide range of prophetic material.[10] He had been evolving, since the death of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, a prophetic future around Prince Charles, Henry's brother. In his 1612 memorial work for Prince Henry, Maxwell also flattered Prince Charles with a far-fetched comparison to Skanderbeg, relying on the equation of Albania with Albany. The following year, as Charles's sister Elizabeth married, he put a flattering turn on a well-known prophecy of Johann Carion about Emperor Charles V, for the benefit of Prince Charles.[11] Carion by misprision had revived an older prophecy of Alexander of Roes (c.1280), intended to apply to Charles of Anjou and his claim to become Emperor.[12]

Admirable and Notable Prophecies of 1615 shifted ground somewhat. It is a history of prophecy from Hildegard of Bingen to Nostradamus, with emphasis on Joachim of Fiore.[13] Supporting the House of Stuart's imperial claim, Maxwell cites here a shortened form of the Second Charlemagne prophecy, in the form given to it by Telesphorus of Cosenza, which was originally a pro-French slant on the Last Emperor.[14] In this work he correspondingly places less emphasis on the Magdeburg (Carion) prophecy as applied to Prince Charles; but it was later picked up and reinforced by the Anglo-Saxon scholar William Retchford.[15] After Charles I's execution, William Lilly, who knew the prophecy as given currency by Maxwell's work, was concerned in Monarchy or No Monarchy (1651) to argue that it did not apply to "Charles II of Scotland".[16]

Maxwell argues that the apostasy of the Catholic Church can be read from Catholic authors.[17] He also goes back to Carion, through a Latin version of Hermann Bonus, to pick up a related Magdeburg prophecy on the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church.[11] He believed that this change could be non-violent; and that Charles was a fit person to retake Constantinople, restoring the Eastern Roman Empire. Opposing the Ottoman Empire as he did, he supported also the House of Habsburg.[18] Maxwell found both a popular audience for verse summaries of his ideas, and some learned sympathy with Henry Spelman, Matthew Sutcliffe, and Patrick Young.[19]

Other works

While in France in 1600 Maxwell wrote in Latin Tyrannidi-graphia Ecclesiæ militantis secundum Danielis Prophetiam. It was dedicated to Edinburgh University and sent, but was lost on the way, by John Welsh of Ayr.[1] Among his productions is a poem entitled Carolanna, for the death of Anne of Denmark in 1619;[20][21] Maxwell wrote it under the pseudonym of James Anneson, a play on the names of the king, queen, and their son Charles.

Maxwell also published:[3]

  • The Treasure of Tranquillity, or a Manuall of Moral Discourses, Tending to the Tranquillity of the Minde (1611). It contains commentary on the prophecies attributed to Merlin, and their realisation in James VI and I.[22]
  • The Golden Legend, or the Mirrour of Religious Men and Godly Matrones, concerning Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and their Wives, London, 1611.
  • The Golden Art, or The right way of Enriching. . . . Very profitable for all such persons in citie or countrie as doe desire to get, increase, conserue, and vse goods with a good conscience, London, 1611.
  • Queene Elizabeths Looking-glasse of Grace and Glory, wherein may be seen the fortune of the faithfull: that is to say, the wrastling, victory, and reward, or the combat, conquest, and Crowne of Gods children, London, by E. Allde, 1612.
  • Jamesanna, or a Pythagoricall play at Cardes, representing the Excellency and vtilitie of Vnion and Concord, with the incommodities of diuision and discorde, dedicated to the most hopefull Prince Charles, 1612 (?)
  • A Speedy Passage to Heaven, or a perfect direction for every Christian to walk in the right path of true holinesse, containing an explanation of the tenne Commandments, the creede, and our Lords Prayer, with divers other godly prayers, London, 1612.
  • A Christian Almanacke, needefull and true for all countryes, persons and times, faithfully calculated by the course of holy Scripture, London, 1612.
  • The Laudable Life, and Deplorable Death, of our late peerlesse Prince Henry. Briefly represented. Together with some other Poemes, in honour both of our most gracious Soueraigne King James his auspicious entrie to this Crowne, and also of his most hopefull Children, Prince Charles and Princesse Elizabeths happy entrie into this world, London, by E. Allde, for T. Pauier, 1612, entered at Stationers' Hall 28 November. The main poem in it consists of forty-four six-line stanzas, and is succeeded by Peerelesse Prince Henries Epitaph in his owne foure Languages (i.e. English, French, Latin, and Greek).[3]
  • Two Genealogical Tables or Pedigrees of the two most noble Princes Fredericke Prince Palatine, and the Lady Elizabeth his wife, shewing their Lineall discent equally, first from Robert the Emperour, and Prince Palatine, and Elizabeth the Empresse his Wife, in the 9 and 10 Degrees, and then from Edward the 3, the most victorious King of England, and Queene Philippa his Wife in the 11 Degree.
  • A Monvment of Remembrance erected in Albion, in honour of the magnificent Departvre from Brittannie, and honourable receiuing in Germany, namely at Heidelberge, of the two most noble Princes Fredericke and Elizabeth. . . . Both of them being almost in one and the same degree of lineall descent from 25 Emperours of the East and West, of Romanes, Greekes, and Germans, and from 30 Kings of diuers countries, London, 1613. For the wedding of Frederick V, Elector Palatine with Elizabeth Stuart.[11]
  • A New Eightfold Probation of the Chvrch of Englands Divine Constitvtion, prooved by many Pregnant arguments to be much more complete than any Geneuian in the world against the contrary assertion of the fifty-three petitioner-preachers of Scotland in their petition presented to the Kings most excellent Majesty, London, 1617. Against a prophecy of Paul Grebner.[23]
  • A Demonstrative Defence, or Tenfold Probation of the Doctrine of the Church of England tovching one of the most important points of our Creed, . . . which is of our Sauiours descending into hell after death to binde and subdue Sathan, London, 1617.
  • Herodian of Alexandria, His History of Twenty Roman Caesars and Emperors (of his Time). Interpreted out of the Greeke Originall, London, 1629; another edit. 1635.
  • Emblema Animæ, or Morall Discourses reflecting upon Humanitie, by John Du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu, translated into English, London, 1635.

Maxwell printed a catalogue of 22 of his unpublished works: controversial theology, royal genealogies and panegyrics, a poem on the antiquity of the city of London, tracts on fortune-telling and astrology, A Centurie of most noble Questions in Philosophie, James-anna, or the Patterne of a Perfect Cittie, among others. A list in Carolanna contained fifteen more Latin titles.[3]

Notes
  1. Williamson, Arthur H. "Maxwell, James". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18400. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. Arthur H. Williamson, George Buchanan, Civic Virtue and Commerce: European Imperialism and Its Sixteenth-Century Critics, The Scottish Historical Review Vol. 75, No. 199, Part 1 (Apr. 1996) , pp. 20–37, at p. 34. Published by: Edinburgh University Press. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25530707
  3. Lee, Sidney, ed. (1894). "Maxwell, James (fl. 1600–1640)" . Dictionary of National Biography. 37. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  4. Marsha Keith Schuchard (1 January 2002). Restoring the Temple of Vision: Cabalistic Freemasonry and Stuart Culture. Brill. p. 289. ISBN 978-90-04-12489-9.
  5. D. C. Worthington (January 2004). Scots in Habsburg Service: 1618–1648. Brill. p. 97. ISBN 978-90-04-13575-8.
  6. D. C. Worthington (January 2004). Scots in Habsburg Service: 1618–1648. BRILL. p. 98. ISBN 978-90-04-13575-8.
  7. D. C. Worthington (January 2004). Scots in Habsburg Service: 1618–1648. Brill. pp. 99–101. ISBN 978-90-04-13575-8.
  8. Gerald R. Cragg (1975). Freedom and Authority. Westminster Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-664-20738-0.
  9. Admirable and Notable Prophecies, vttered in former time by 24. famous Romain-Catholickes, concerning the Church of Romes defection, Tribulation, and reformation. Written first in Latine, & now published in the English tongue, both by James Maxwell, a Researcher of Antiquities, London, by Ed. Allde, 1615.
  10. Arthur H. Williamson (1979). Scottish National Consciousness in the Age of James VI. John Donald. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-85976-036-2.
  11. Robert E. Lerner (2009). The Powers of Prophecy: The Cedar of Lebanon Vision from the Mongol Onslaught to the Dawn of the Enlightenment. Cornell University Press. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-0-8014-7537-5.
  12. Robert E. Lerner (2009). The Powers of Prophecy: The Cedar of Lebanon Vision from the Mongol Onslaught to the Dawn of the Enlightenment. Cornell University Press. p. 162 note 13. ISBN 978-0-8014-7537-5.
  13. Marjorie Reeves (1976). Joachim of Fiore and the Prophetic Future. SPCK. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-281-02887-0.
  14. Ursula Mühle-Moldon (1 January 1993). "Every prediction is a twin": säkulare Prophetien im England des 17. Jahrhunderts. P. Lang. p. 205 note 31. ISBN 978-3-631-45995-9.
  15. Lucy Munro (28 November 2013). Archaic Style in English Literature, 1590–1674. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-107-04279-7.
  16. Robert E. Lerner (2009). The Powers of Prophecy: The Cedar of Lebanon Vision from the Mongol Onslaught to the Dawn of the Enlightenment. Cornell University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-8014-7537-5.
  17. Gerald R. Cragg (1975). Freedom and Authority. Westminster Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-664-20738-0.
  18. Williamson, Arthur H. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18400. Missing or empty |title= (help) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  19. Steve Murdoch; Andrew MacKillop (2002). Fighting for Identity: Scottish Military Experience C. 1550–1900. BRILL. p. 16. ISBN 978-90-04-12823-1.
  20. Robert E. Lerner (2009). The Powers of Prophecy: The Cedar of Lebanon Vision from the Mongol Onslaught to the Dawn of the Enlightenment. Cornell University Press. p. 177 note 45. ISBN 978-0-8014-7537-5.
  21. Carolanna, That is to say, a Poeme in honovr of ovr King Charles – James, Qveene Anne, And Prince Charles: But principally in honour of the immortall memory of our late noble & good Queene of Albion and Vnion, London, by Ed. Allde.
  22. Roger A. Mason (27 April 2006). Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603. Cambridge University Press. p. 203 note 26. ISBN 978-0-521-02620-8.
  23. Yôsēf Qaplan; Richard Henry Popkin; Henry Méchoulan (1989). Menasseh Ben Israel and His World. Brill. p. 9 note 3. ISBN 978-90-04-09114-6.

Attribution:  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1894). "Maxwell, James (fl. 1600–1640)". Dictionary of National Biography. 37. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

gollark: It's an x86-64 system using debian or something.
gollark: > `import hashlib`Hashlib is still important!> `for entry, ubq323 in {**globals(), **__builtins__, **sys.__dict__, **locals(), CONSTANT: Entry()}.items():`Iterate over a bunch of things. I think only the builtins and globals are actually used.The stuff under here using `blake2s` stuff is actually written to be ridiculously unportable, to hinder analysis. This caused issues when trying to run it, so I had to hackily patch in the `/local` thing a few minutes before the deadline.> `for PyObject in gc.get_objects():`When I found out that you could iterate over all objects ever, this had to be incorporated somehow. This actually just looks for some random `os` function, and when it finds it loads the obfuscated code.> `F, G, H, I = typing(lookup[7]), typing(lookup[8]), __import__("functools"), lambda h, i, *a: F(G(h, i))`This is just a convoluted way to define `enumerate(range))` in one nice function.> `print(len(lookup), lookup[3], typing(lookup[3])) #`This is what actually loads the obfuscated stuff. I think.> `class iｎt(typing(lookup[0])):`Here we subclass `complex`. `complex` is used for 2D coordinates within the thing, so I added some helper methods, such as `__iter__`, allowing unpacking of complex numbers into real and imaginary parts, `abs`, which generates a complex number a+ai, and `ℝ`, which provvides the floored real parts of two things.> `class Mаtrix:`This is where the magic happens. It actually uses unicode homoglyphs again, for purposes.> `self = typing("dab7d4733079c8be454e64192ce9d20a91571da25fc443249fc0be859b227e5d")`> `rows = gc`I forgot what exactly the `typing` call is looking up, but these aren't used for anything but making the fake type annotations work.> `def __init__(rows: self, self: rows):`This slightly nonidiomatic function simply initializes the matrix's internals from the 2D array used for inputs.> `if 1 > (typing(lookup[1]) in dir(self)):`A convoluted way to get whether something has `__iter__` or not.
gollark: If you guess randomly the chance of getting none right is 35%ish.
gollark: Anyway, going through #12 in order:> `import math, collections, random, gc, hashlib, sys, hashlib, smtplib, importlib, os.path, itertools, hashlib`> `import hashlib`We need some libraries to work with. Hashlib is very important, so to be sure we have hashlib we make sure to keep importing it.> `ℤ = int`> `ℝ = float`> `Row = "__iter__"`Create some aliases for int and float to make it mildly more obfuscated. `Row` is not used directly in anywhere significant.> `lookup = [...]`These are a bunch of hashes used to look up globals/objects. Some of them are not actually used. There is deliberately a comma missing, because of weird python string concattey things.```pythondef aes256(x, X): import hashlib A = bytearray() for Α, Ҙ in zip(x, hashlib.shake_128(X).digest(x.__len__())): A.append(Α ^ Ҙ) import zlib, marshal, hashlib exec(marshal.loads(zlib.decompress(A)))```Obviously, this is not actual AES-256. It is abusing SHAKE-128's variable length digests to implement what is almost certainly an awful stream cipher. The arbitrary-length hash of our key, X, is XORed with the data. Finally, the result of this is decompressed, loaded (as a marshalled function, which is extremely unportable bytecode I believe), and executed. This is only used to load one piece of obfuscated code, which I may explain later.> `class Entry(ℝ):`This is also only used once, in `typing` below. Its `__init__` function implements Rule 110 in a weird and vaguely golfy way involving some sets and bit manipulation. It inherits from float, but I don't think this does much.> `#raise SystemExit(0)`I did this while debugging the rule 110 but I thought it would be fun to leave it in.> `def typing(CONSTANT: __import__("urllib3")):`This is an obfuscated way to look up objects and load our obfuscated code.> `return getattr(Entry, CONSTANT)`I had significant performance problems, so this incorporates a cache. This was cooler™️ than dicts.
gollark: The tiebreaker algorithm is vulnerable to any attack against Boris Johnson's Twitter account.
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