Jacobi set

In Morse theory, a mathematical discipline, Jacobi sets provide a method of studying the relationship between two or more Morse functions.

For two Morse functions, the Jacobi set is defined as the set of critical points of the restriction of one function to the level sets of the other function.[1]

The Jacobi set can also be defined as the set of points where the gradients of the two functions are parallel.

If both the functions are generic, the Jacobi set is a smoothly embedded 1-manifold.

Definition

Consider two generic Morse functions ${\displaystyle f,g:M\to \mathbb {R} }$ defined on a smooth ${\displaystyle d}$-manifold. Let the restriction of ${\displaystyle f}$ to the level set ${\displaystyle g^{-1}(t)}$ for ${\displaystyle t\in \mathbb {R} }$ a regular value, be called ${\displaystyle f_{t}:g^{-1}(t)\to \mathbb {R} }$; it is a Morse function. Then the Jacobi set ${\displaystyle J}$ of ${\displaystyle f}$ and ${\displaystyle g}$ is ${\displaystyle J=cl{\{x\in M\mid x{\mbox{ is critical point of }}f_{t}\}}}$,

Alternatively, the Jacobi set is the collection of points where the gradients of the functions align with each other or one of the gradients vanish (cite?), for some ${\displaystyle \lambda \in \mathbb {R} }$, ${\displaystyle J=\{x\in M\mid \nabla {f(x)}+\lambda \nabla {g(x)}=0{\mbox{ or }}\lambda \nabla {f(x)}+\nabla {g(x)}=0\}.}$

Equivalently, the Jacobi set can be described as the collection of critical points of the family of functions ${\displaystyle f+\lambda g}$, for some ${\displaystyle \lambda \in \mathbb {R} }$, ${\displaystyle J=\{x\in M\mid x{\mbox{ is a critical point of }}f+\lambda g{\mbox{ or }}\lambda f+g\}.}$

References

1. Edelsbrunner, Herbert; John Harer (2002). "Jacobi sets of multiple morse functions". Foundations of Computational Mathematics. Cambridge University Press: 37–57.