Jacket's Field Long Barrow

Jacket's Field Long Barrow is an unchambered long barrow located near to the village of Boughton Aluph in the south-eastern English county of Kent. It was probably constructed in the fourth millennium BCE, during Britain's Early Neolithic period. Built out of earth, the long barrow consists of an sub-trapezoidal tumulus flanked by side ditches.

Jacket's Field Long Barrow
Jacket's Field Long Barrow is located in a woodland clearing
Location within Kent
Coordinates51.209500°N 0.909193°E / 51.209500; 0.909193
TypeLong barrow
History
FoundedEarly Neolithic
Designated1973
Reference no.1013071

Archaeologists have established that the monument was built by a pastoralist community shortly after the introduction of agriculture to Britain from continental Europe. Although representing part of an architectural tradition of long-barrow building that was widespread across Neolithic Europe, Jacket's Field Long Barrow belongs to a localised regional variant of barrows produced in the vicinity of the River Stour. Of these, it lies on the western side of the river, while Julliberrie's Grave and Shrub's Wood Long Barrow are found on the eastern side. The site was discovered in 1970, at which point it was concealed in dense woodland, although has yet to undergo thorough archaeological investigation.

Location

Jacket's Field Long Barrow is found within woodland in Jacket's Field, southeast of the village of Boughton Aluph.[1] It is located within the Soakham Downs on a subsoil of Clay-with-Flints.[1] The North Downs trackway is located around 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to the south-west of the barrow.[1] It can be inspected from an adjacent public path.[1]

Context
The construction of long barrows and related funerary monuments took place in various parts of Europe during the Early Neolithic (distribution pictured)

The Early Neolithic was a revolutionary period of British prehistory. Between 4500 and 3800 BCE, there was a widespread change in lifestyle as the communities living on the British Isles adopted agriculture as their primary form of subsistence, abandoning the hunter-gatherer lifestyle that had characterised the preceding Mesolithic period.[2] This came about through contact with continental societies, although it is unclear to what extent this can be attributed to an influx of migrants or to indigenous Mesolithic Britons adopting agricultural technologies from the continent.[3] The region of modern Kent would have been a key area for the arrival of continental European settlers and visitors, because of its position on the estuary of the River Thames and its proximity to the continent.[4]

Britain was largely forested in this period;[5] widespread forest clearance did not occur in the area around modern Kent until the Late Bronze Age (c.1000 to 700 BCE).[6] Throughout most of Britain, there is little evidence of cereal or permanent dwellings from this period, leading archaeologists to believe that the Early Neolithic economy on the island was largely pastoral, relying on herding cattle, with people living a nomadic or semi-nomadic life.[7] It is apparent that although a common material culture was shared throughout most of the British Isles in this period, there was great regional variation regarding the nature and distribution of settlement, architectural styles, and the use of natural resources.[8]

Stour Long Barrows

Across Western Europe, the Early Neolithic marked the first period in which humans built monumental structures in the landscape.[9] These were tombs that held the physical remains of the dead, and though sometimes constructed out of timber, many were built using large stones, now known as "megaliths".[10] Individuals were rarely buried alone in the Early Neolithic, instead being interned in collective burials with other members of their community.[11] The construction of these collective burial monumental tombs, both wooden and megalithic, began in continental Europe before being adopted in Britain in the first half of the fourth millennium BCE.[12] Many archaeologists have suggested that this is evidence for an Early Neolithic ancestor cult revolving around veneration of the spirits of the dead.[13] Given that other rites may have taken place around these long barrows, the historian Ronald Hutton termed them "tomb-shrines" to reflect their dual purpose.[14]

In Britain, these long barrows were typically located on prominent hills and slopes overlooking the surrounding landscape, perhaps at the junction between different territories.[15] The archaeologist Caroline Malone noted that the tombs would have served as one of a variety of markers in the landscape that conveyed information on "territory, political allegiance, ownership, and ancestors".[16] Many archaeologists have subscribed to the idea that these tomb-shrines served as territorial markers between different tribal groups, although others have argued that such markers would be of little use to a nomadic herding society.[17] Instead, it has been suggested that they were markers along herding pathways.[18] Many archaeologists have suggested that the construction of such monuments reflects an attempt to stamp control and ownership over the land, thus representing a change in mindset brought about by Neolithicisation.[19] Others have suggested that these monuments were built on sites already deemed sacred by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers.[20]

Juliberrie's Grave, one of the other two known Stour long barrows

Archaeologists are aware of around twelve Neolithic long barrows located in Kent.[21] The best known are the Medway Megaliths found in the vicinity of the River Medway, each of which contains a stone burial chamber: the Coldrum Stones, Addington Long Barrow, Chestnuts Long Barrow, Kit's Coty House, Little Kit's Coty House, (the destroyed) Smythe's Megalith, and two other possible examples, the Coffin Stone and the White Horse Stone.[21] About 38 kilometres (24 mi) east of the Medway Megaliths are the Stour long barrows.[22] This distinct regional grouping consists of three known mounds: Jacket's Field Long Barrow, Julliberrie's Grave, and Shrub's Wood Long Barrow.[23] These are located within 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of each other, high up on the North Downs between Canterbury and Ashford;[21] Jacket's Field is on the western side of the River Stour and the other two on the eastern side.[24] Unlike the Medway Megaliths, the Stour long barrows do not appear to have used stone as a building material.[25] Their builders' decision not to do so was likely deliberate, for sarsens are naturally present in the local area and could have been obtained had they wanted them.[26]

The presence of the long barrows suggests some sort of settlement nearby in the Early Neolithic period, and two polished flint axes from the period have been found at Soakham Farm, not far from Jacket's Field Long Barrow.[22] The North Downs trackway may have been in use at the time, and would have provided routes for local people to travel west.[27] Elsewhere in southern Britain, long barrows were often erected close to causewayed enclosures, although none of the latter have yet been discovered near to the Stour long barrows.[28] Elsewhere in the southeast, there are other long barrows of the period; over 75 kilometres (47 mi) away from the Stour long barrows are another regional cluster in Sussex, while a solitary long barrow is known at Badshot Farm in Farnham, Surrey.[29]

Description

Jacket's Field Long Barrow is "slightly trapezoidal" in shape.[1] It aligns on an east/southeast to west/southwest axis.[1] It measures approximately 70 metres (230 ft) in length, with a width of 12 metres (39 ft) at its eastern end and 10 metres (33 ft) at the west.[1] At its western end, it reaches 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in height, and at the eastern end almost 2 metres (6 ft 7 in).[1] There is evidence of side ditches that once flanked the mound.[1]

Discovery
Jacket's Field barrow

While Julliberrie's Grave had been known to antiquarians since at least the 16th century, Jacket's Field Long Barrow—as well as Shrub's Wood Long Barrow—was only discovered by later archaeological investigation.[30] The archaeologist Ronald Jessup, who excavated Julliberrie's Grave in the 1930s, suggested the likelihood that other long barrows would also be found in the area.[31] In 1970, J. Bradshaw reported in the Archaeologia Cantiana, the journal of the Kent Archaeological Society, that Jacket's Field Long Barrow had been discovered within dense woodland and reported to the Ordnance Survey archaeological team, who investigated and confirmed its existence.[32] It was subsequently made a Scheduled Ancient Monument.[1]

As of 2007, neither Jacket's Field nor Shrub's Wood had undergone archaeological excavation.[33]

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References

Footnotes
  1. Parfitt 1998, p. 16.
  2. Hutton 1991, pp. 16–17.
  3. Hutton 1991, p. 16; Ashbee 1999, p. 272; Hutton 2013, pp. 34–35.
  4. Holgate 1981, pp. 230–231.
  5. Hutton 2013, p. 37.
  6. Barclay et al. 2006, p. 20.
  7. Champion 2007, pp. 73–74; Hutton 2013, p. 33.
  8. Bradley 2007, pp. 29–30.
  9. Hutton 1991, p. 19; Hutton 2013, p. 37.
  10. Hutton 1991, p. 19.
  11. Malone 2001, p. 103.
  12. Malone 2001, pp. 103–104; Hutton 2013, p. 41.
  13. Burl 1981, p. 61; Malone 2001, p. 103.
  14. Hutton 2013, p. 41.
  15. Malone 2001, pp. 106–107.
  16. Malone 2001, p. 107.
  17. Hutton 2013, pp. 42–43.
  18. Hutton 2013, p. 43.
  19. Hutton 2013, p. 39.
  20. Hutton 2013, pp. 39–40.
  21. Parfitt 1998, p. 15.
  22. Parfitt 1998, p. 18.
  23. Holgate 1981, p. 228; Parfitt 1998, p. 15; Champion 2007, p. 79.
  24. Ashbee 2005, p. 100.
  25. Jessup 1939, p. 281.
  26. Jessup 1939, p. 261; Ashbee 2000, p. 325.
  27. Parfitt 1998, pp. 18, 20.
  28. Parfitt 1998, p. 20.
  29. Parfitt 1998, pp. 15, 18.
  30. Ashbee 2005, p. 35; Champion 2007, p. 79.
  31. Ashbee 2005, p. 99.
  32. Bradshaw 1970, p. 180.
  33. Champion 2007, p. 79.

Bibliography
Ashbee, Paul (1999). "The Medway Megaliths in a European Context" (PDF). Archaeologia Cantiana. Kent Archaeological Society. 119: 269–284.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Ashbee, Paul (2000). "The Medway's Megalithic Long Barrows" (PDF). Archaeologia Cantiana. Kent Archaeological Society. 120: 319–345.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Ashbee, Paul (2005). Kent in Prehistoric Times. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 978-0752431369.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Barclay, Alistair; Fitzpatrick, Andrew P.; Hayden, Chris; Stafford, Elizabeth (2006). The Prehistoric Landscape at White Horse Stone, Aylesford, Kent (Report). Oxford: Oxford Wessex Archaeology Joint Venture (London and Continental Railways).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bradley, Richard (2007). The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61270-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Bradshaw, J. (1970). "Investigations and Excavations During the Year" (PDF). Archaeologia Cantiana. Kent Archaeological Society. 85: 175–194.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Burl, Aubrey (1981). Rites of the Gods. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0460043137.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Champion, Timothy (2007). "Prehistoric Kent". In John H. Williams (ed.). The Archaeology of Kent to AD 800. Woodbridge: Boydell Press and Kent County Council. pp. 67–133. ISBN 9780851155807.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Holgate, Robin (1981). "The Medway Megaliths and Neolithic Kent" (PDF). Archaeologia Cantiana. Kent Archaeological Society. 97: 221–234.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Hutton, Ronald (1991). The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy. Oxford and Cambridge: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-17288-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Hutton, Ronald (2013). Pagan Britain. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-197716.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Jessup, R. F. (1939). "Further Excavations at Julliberrie's Grave, Chilham". The Antiquaries Journal. 19 (3): 260–281. doi:10.1017/s0003581500007812.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Malone, Caroline (2001). Neolithic Britain and Ireland. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-1442-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Parfitt, Keith (1998). "Neolithic Earthen Long-Barrows in East Kent: A Review". Kent Archaeological Review. 131: 15–21.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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