Jack Simons (academic)

Jack Simons (1 February 1907 – 22 July 1995) was a South African university academic and anti-apartheid activist.

Professor

Jack Simons
Born
Harold Jack Simons

(1907-02-01)February 1, 1907
Riversdale, Cape Province, South Africa
DiedJuly 22, 1995(1995-07-22) (aged 88)
Cape Town, South Africa
NationalitySouth African
Spouse(s)Ray Esther Alexander
ChildrenMary Simons
Tanya Barben
Johan Simons
Academic background
EducationPhD
Alma materLondon School of Economics
ThesisCrime and Punishment in South Africa with Comparative Studies (1935)
Academic work
InstitutionsUniversity of Zambia
University of Manchester
University of Cape Town

Early life

Harold Jack Simons was born in 1907 in Riversdale, Cape Province to father Hyman Simons, who had come to South Africa with Cecil Rhodes and Gertrude Morkel a teacher.[1] He matriculated in 1924 and joined a law firm as an articled clerk, qualifying with a law certificate.[1]:xi In 1926, he moved to Pretoria where he joined the civil service in the Auditor General's and Justice Department. Studying part-time, he obtained a Bachelor of Law degree from the University of South Africa and with a scholarship obtained a Master of Political Science degree from the Transvaal University College in 1931, the subject being the South African penal system.[1]:xi Obtaining a further scholarship, he attended the London School of Economics in 1932 and obtained a PhD in 1935, its subject compared the penal systems in South Africa, Kenya and South Rhodesia.[1]:xi[2]:689 During his travels in Europe he would see the rise of Fascism, Nazism as well as the Black Shirts in the United Kingdom, a civil war in Spain, organised Marxist study groups and would later join the British Communist Party in 1933.[1]:xii[2]:689

Academic career

He returned to South Africa in 1937 and joined as a lecturer at the University of Cape Town (UCT) in Native Law and Administration and would later change the departments name to the Department of Comparative African Government and Law.[2]:689 In 1937 he was introduced to the African National Congress (ANC) when he attended their national conference.[2]:690 He and his future wife, as well as Eli Weinberg, would help revive the South African Communist Party (SACP) after years of turmoil and expulsions from the party in the early thirties and which would see the appointment of Moses Kotane as its general-secretary in 1939.[2]:689 In 1941, he married Ray Alexander who had introduced him to trade unionism.[1]:xii

From 1937 to 1947, he conducted anthropological work in the Cape township of Langa and contributed to political journalism and academic articles.[2]:689 He and members of the SACP were arrested in 1946 over their participation in the African miners strike and won the case.[1]:xii The year 1948 was turning point in South African politics with the National Party winning the 1948 election and their policy of Apartheid. With the introduction of the Suppression of Communism Act in 1950, the Simons and SACP voted to officially dissolve themselves but by 1953 were an underground movement.[2]:689[3] In 1956 Treason Trial he would assist Bram Fischer in the defence of the 156 people arrested for treason.[2]:689 He was arrested in 1960 after the Sharpeville massacre.[2]:689 With assistance of UCT staff and students, he was released and allowed to lecture but not publish.[1]:xiiI Simons would be banned from lecturing in 1964, anywhere in South Africa so in 1965, he, his wife and son would leave South Africa for exile overseas leaving behind his two daughters who were still at university.[3]

Exile

He would become a research fellow at University of Manchester in 1965 where he would complete his book, African Women: Their Legal Status in South Africa.[2]:689 By 1967 he and his wife had settled in Lusaka, Zambia where he joined the University of Zambia as a reader then as professor and researcher in Political Science and Sociology and retired in 1975.[1]:xii In 1969, he attended the Morogoro Conference when the ANC membership was opened to all South African races and was invited to become a member of the organisation.[2]:690

Oliver Tambo suggested that Simons run courses in History and the National Democratic Revolution for Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the armed wing of the ANC based in the Angolan camps.[4] He would be based there twice. First in 1977-78 when camps contain arrivals that went into exile after 1976 Soweto Riots and again from December 1978 to March 1979.[4] It would become known as the "University of the South".[5] The ANC camp at Novo Catengue in Angola would be subject to a bombing attack by the South African Air Force, though he and his students were not present that day.[6] He would also teach at the Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College in Tanzania.[1]:xii

In 1986 a two-year study by a committee of ANC lawyers and political scientists worked on a document on constitutional guidelines for a future multiparty democracy in South Africa that would expand on the principles of the Freedom Charter, that saw Simons as its chairman.[7] This document, released in 1988, would be guideline for future negotiations between the ANC and the South African government.[7]

Later life

Simons and his wife would return to South Africa in 1990 soon after Nelson Mandela's release and would see the first free election in South Africa in 1994.[2]:689 He was given an honorary doctorate in Law from the University of Cape Town in 1994.[1]:iv He died in July 1995 and was survived by his wife and three children.

gollark: It's very\* readable\*\*.
gollark: ```javascriptconst spaces = regex(/^ */)const whitespace = regex(/^[ \n\t]*/)const name = regex(/^[^ \n\t():]+/)const code = many(coroutine(function*() { yield spaces return yield choice([ coroutine(function*() { yield char("(") const x = yield code yield spaces yield char(")") return x }), name ])}))const program = sequenceOf([ many1(coroutine(function*() { yield whitespace const n = yield name yield whitespace yield str(":=") const c = yield code return { code: c, name: n } })), possibly(whitespace)]).map(([x, _]) => x)```parsing™
gollark: It was very elegant. I combinated™ it in a few lines of code.
gollark: It went nicely and I had a cool parser and all until it turned out that we were accidentally pushing to the wrong end of a list or something in a stupidly hard to debug way.
gollark: Fun times, that was. We were using JS to implement that weird stacky language.

References
  1. Simons, H.J. (1997). Struggles in Southern Africa for Survival and Equality. Springer. p. 240. ISBN 9780230373044.
  2. Macmillan, Hugh (December 1995). "Obituary: Jack Simons". Journal of Southern African Studies. 21 (4): 689–90. JSTOR 2637229.
  3. Macmillan, Hugh (19 October 2004). "Ray Simons". The Guardian.
  4. Callinicos, Luli (2004). Oliver Tambo: Beyond the Engeli Mountains. New Africa Books. p. 672. ISBN 9780864866660.
  5. Schuster, Lynda (2014). A Burning Hunger: One Family’s Struggle Against Apartheid. Ohio University Press. p. 472. ISBN 9780821442074.
  6. Sachs, Albie (3 August 1995). "Obituaries: Professor Jack Simons". The Independent.
  7. Battersby, John D. (29 July 1988). "For a New South Africa, Some Plans". New York Times.

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