Itō Noe

Itō Noe (伊藤 野枝, January 21, 1895 – September 16, 1923) was a Japanese anarchist, social critic, author and feminist. She was the editor-in-chief of the feminist magazine Seitō. Her progressive ideology challenged the norms of the Meiji and Taishō periods in which she lived. She drew praise from critics by being able to weave her personal and political ideas into her writings. While gaining praise from some, she received criticism from others, namely the Japanese government for challenging the constructs of the time. She became a martyr of the ideology in which she believed during the Amakasu Incident.

In this Japanese name, the family name is Itō.

Itō Noe
Born	(1895-01-21)January 21, 1895 Fukuoka, Japan
Died	September 16, 1923(1923-09-16) (aged 28) Tokyo, Japan
Spouse(s)	Jun Tsuji

Early life and education

Itō was born on the island of Kyushu near Fukuoka, Japan on January 21, 1895.[1] She was born into an aristocratic family and convinced an uncle to pay for her education at Ueno Girls High School in Tokyo, from which she graduated. It was at this school where she developed an affinity for literature.[2] She was particularly fond of the progressive ideas of the time from Western and Japanese writers.

It was during her second summer vacation, in 1910, at Ueno Girls School when her family pressured her to marry Suematsu Fukutaro, a man who had recently returned to Kyushu from the United States. Marrying Suematsu would be a stipulation that she had to agree to in order to continue her education. Itō wanted her own complete freedom, so she immediately started to plot a way to escape the relationship and make her home in Tokyo. She made a major move in her life to Tokyo, marrying an ex-teacher, Tsuji Jun, she had met at Ueno Girls High School.[3] After graduation, Itō's relationship with Tsuji became romantic and they had two sons, Makoto (born on January 20, 1914) and Ryūji (born on August 10, 1915). They were officially married in 1915.[1] Their relationship lasted about four years before she was captivated by Sakae Ōsugi.

Life with Sakae Ōsugi

Sakae Ōsugi, who was already married, engaged in simultaneous relationships with Itō and another feminist, Ichiko Kamichika, taking the viewpoint that he loved all three women equally and should not have to choose which one he loved the most.[4] The three women he was involved with did not feel the same way, and each wanted him only for herself, which caused considerable problems.[5]

Itō's passion for Ōsugi became evident in February 1916, when she went walking with him in a Tokyo park, holding his hand and kissed him in public; at the time, kissing in public and couples holding hands in Japan were considered to be deeply immoral acts that no decent person should ever engage in, and many people in the park chided the couple for their behavior. Later that same day, when Ōsugi met Ichiko, he told her that he had kissed a woman in public for the first time in his entire life, which, as the woman in question was not Ichiko, caused a very heated scene.[6]

Itō, who was hoping to see Ōsugi again, had followed him to Ichiko's apartment, was listening in, and chose to knock on the door to involve herself in this conversation. This in turn caused an angry scene between the two women over who loved Ōsugi the best, while Ōsugi insisted he loved both equally. Ōsugi continued to live with his wife while seeing both Ichiko and Itō until November 1916, when in a moment of jealousy Ichiko followed Ōsugi and Itō to a countryside inn; upon seeing that they had spent the night together, she attacked Ōsugi with a knife as he emerged out of his room in the morning, stabbing him several times in the throat.[6]

Ōsugi was hospitalized as a result of his wounds and his wife left him during his stay in hospital.[6] Itō and Ōsugi would have four children together, and would stay together for the rest of their lives despite never actually being legally married. Her relationship with him would remain political as well, as she worked with him as a publishing partner as well.[3] They would work together to further their ideas on anarchism through their writings and publishings. They would both become targets of the state and critics through their unabashed loyalty to their cause.[5]

Beginning in 1916, Ito lived and worked with Ōsugi, and continued to rise in the feminist group while showing growing leadership potential. As an anarchist, Itō was highly critical of the existing political system in Japan, which led her to call for an anarchism to exist in "everyday practice", namely that people should in various small ways seek routinely to undermine the kokutai.[7] Itō was especially critical of the way that most Japanese people automatically deferred to the state and accepted the claim that the emperor was a god who had to be obeyed unconditionally, leading her to complain that it was very difficult to get most people to think critically.[7] As someone who had challenged the kokutai, Itō was constantly harassed by the police to the point that she complained of feeling that her home was a prison, as she could not go out without a policeman stopping her.[8]

Time with Seitō

Itō joined the Bluestocking Society (青鞜社 Seitō-sha),as producer of the feminist arts-and-culture magazine Seitō (青鞜) in 1915, contributing until 1916. In her last year as Editor-in-Chief,[9] she practiced an inclusive attitude towards content; she "opened the pages to extended discussions of abortion, prostitution, free love and motherhood".[10] Seitō founder ,Hiratsku Raichō, would describe her as a writer with intense and natural emotion.[3]

Under Itō's editorship, Seitō became a more radical journal that led the government to ban five issues of Seitō as threatening the kokutai. The February 1914 edition of Seitō was banned by the censors because of a short story Itō had published in the journal titled Shuppon ("Flight") about a young woman who escapes from an arranged marriage and is then betrayed by her lover who promised to escape with her from Japan. The June 1915 edition of Seitō was banned for an article calling for abortion to be legalized in Japan.[11]

Three other editions of Seitō were banned because of an erotic short story where a woman happily remembers having sex the previous night; another edition for a short story dealing with the break-up of an arranged marriage, and another edition for an article titled "To The Women of the World" calling for women to marry for love.[11] The narratives in Itō's stories held common themes: they were all influenced by here own thoughts on her political and personal beliefs, painting a vivid literary picture of the issues afflicting her at the time.[3]

Her personal writings published into Seitō dealt with the many problems that she had dealt with in her own life such as arranged marriages, denial of the free love she much longed for, and the sexual nature that all human felt but had been repressed. Her short story "Mayoi" in 1914 told the story of a student who moves in with her ex-school teacher, only to find out he had been intimate with her former classmate. This story directly parallels her own life with Tsuji Jun.[3] "Tenki" another one of her stories published into Seitō, dealt with more of her own issues, as the main protagonists is drawn to social activism as her marriage proves to be an obstacle to that. Itō's writing was a way for her to express her only personal beliefs, and she often used her own real life events to draw upon in order to create her stories.[3]

Itō had Seitō became more concerned with social issues than it had been before, and in 1914-16, she engaged in a debate on the pages of Seitō with another feminist, Yamakawa Kikue, about whether prostitution should be legalized or not.[12] Ito argued for the legalization of prostitution for the same reasons that she favored the legalization of abortion, namely that she believed that women's bodies belonged only to them, and that the state had no business telling a woman what she may or may not do with her body.[12]

Furthermore, Itō argued that the Japanese social system did not offer many economic opportunities to women and that most Japanese prostitutes were destitute women who turned to selling sex in order to survive, which led her to the conclusion that these women should not be punished for merely seeking a means to live.[12] Itō wrote social criticism and novels, as well as translated socialist and anarchist writings from English to Japanese, from the authors such as American Emma Goldman (The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation, etc.).[13] In February 1916, Seitō published its last edition due to a lack of funds, as the government had prevented distributors from carrying the magazine.[8]

Death

See also: Kantō Massacre

In the chaos immediately following the Great Kantō earthquake on September 16, 1923, according to writer and activist Harumi Setouchi, Itō, Ōsugi, and his 6-year-old nephew Munekazu (born in Portland, Oregon) were arrested, strangled to death, and thrown into an abandoned well by a squad of military police (known as the Kenpeitai) led by Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu.[14] Once the bodies were retrieved from the well, both Ōsugi and Itō's bodies were inspected and found to be covered with bruises indicating that they had been severely beaten.[3] According to literary scholar Patricia Morley, Itō and Ōsugi were strangled in their cells.[15] Noe Itō was 28 years old.[14]

The killing of such high-profile anarchists, together with a young child, became known as the Amakasu Incident and sparked shock and anger throughout Japan.[13] Amakasu was arrested and sentenced to ten years in prison for the murders, but he was released after serving only three years.

Itō and Ōsugi are both buried in the Kutsunoya cemetery in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka.

Legacy

Director Kijū Yoshida made Eros + Massacre in 1969, about Sakae Ōsugi; Itō features prominently in the film.[16]

Notes

1. Stanley 1982, pp. 92–93.
2. "Noe, Ito, 1895-1923". libcom.org. Retrieved 2019-03-13.
3. Filler 2009.
4. Large 1977, p. 445.
5. Large 1977, p. 446.
6. Large 1977, p. 447.
7. Konishi 2007, p. 129.
8. Reich & Fukuda 1976, p. 286.
9. Morley 1999, p. 18.
10. Sievers 1983, pp. 182-183.
11. Reich & Fukuda 1976, p. 284.
12. Reich & Fukuda 1976, p. 285.
13. Cybriwsky 2011, p. 21.
14. Setouchi 1993, pp. 18–19.
15. Morley 1999, p. 19.
16. Desser 1988, pp. 73, 198.

References

• Cybriwsky, Roman (2011). Historical Dictionary of Tokyo. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7489-3.
• Desser, David (1988). Eros Plus Massacre: An Introduction to the Japanese New Wave Cinema. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20469-1.
• Filler, Stephen (2009). "Going beyond Individualism: Romance, Personal Growth, and Anarchism in the Autobiographical Writings of Itō Noe". US-Japan's Women's Journal. 37: 57–90 – via JSTOR.
• Konishi, Shu (2007). "Reopening the "Opening of Japan": A Russian-Japanese Revolutionary Encounter and the Vision of Anarchist Progress". The American Historical Review. 112 (1): 101–130. JSTOR https://www.jstor.org/stable/4136008.
• Large, Stephen (1977). "The Romance of Revolution in Japanese Anarchism and Communism during the Taishō Period". Modern Asian Studies. 11 (3): 441–469.
• Morley, Patricia (1999). The Mountain is Moving: Japanese Women's Lives. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 9780774806756.
• Reich, Pauline C.; Fukuda, Atsuko (1976). "Japan's Literary Feminists: The "Seito" Group"". Signs. 2 (1): 280–291. JSTOR https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173444.
• Setouchi, Harumi (1993). Beauty in Disarray (1st ed.). Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. ISBN 0-8048-1866-5.

• Sievers, Sharon L. (1983). Flowers in Salt: The Beginnings of Feminist Consciousness in Modern Japan. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Further reading

• Shone, Steve J. (2019), "Itō Noe, Japanese Anarchist Follower of Emma Goldman", Women of Liberty, Brill, pp. 186–205, doi:10.1163/9789004393226_008
• Stanley, Thomas A. (1982). Ōsugi Sakae, Anarchist in Taishō Japan: The Creativity of the Ego. Harvard East Asian Monographs. 102. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 9780674644939.

Primary sources

• Bardsley, Jan, ed. The bluestockings of Japan: new woman essays and fiction from Seitō, 1911-16 (Univ of Michigan, 2007)

External links

• Biography of Noe Ito on libcom.org
• The life of Noe Itou at the Wayback Machine (archived March 8, 2005) (Harumi Setouchi's novel Bi wa rantyou ni ari at Fukuoka Prefectural Itoshima High School)