Isaac Leeser

Isaac Leeser (December 12, 1806 – February 1, 1868) was an American, Ashkenazi Jewish religious leader, teacher, scholar and publisher.[1] He helped found the Jewish press of America, produced the first Jewish translation of the Bible into English, and helped organize various social and educational organizations. He is considered one of the most important nineteenth century American Jewish personalities. He was "fiercely opposed" to Reform Judaism[2] and was regarded as one of the most important "orthodox" rabbis of his era. Leeser is regarded as a forerunner by both Modern Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism.

Isaac Leeser
Born(1806-12-12)December 12, 1806
Neuenkirchen/Rheine, Westphalia (present-day Germany)
DiedFebruary 1, 1868(1868-02-01) (aged 61)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Early life

Isaac Leeser was born to Sarah Leeser and her husband Leffman Leeser in Neuenkirchen/Rheine, Westphalia, but his parents died when he was young. His grandmother encouraged his religious studies under the guidance of the chief rabbi of Münster. Young Leeser was educated at the primary school in nearby Dülmen and then at a gymnasium in Münster. This gave him a solid grounding in Latin, German, and Hebrew. He also studied the Talmud tractates Moed, Bava Metzia, and portions of Kodashim and Bava Batra.

Career

Young Leeser emigrated to America and arrived at Richmond, Virginia in May, 1824. His uncle, Zalma Rehiné (1757-1843), a respected merchant in that city, sent Leeser to a private school to learn English, but after ten weeks the school closed. Leeser worked in his uncle's counting-room for five years.[3] He also assisted the hazzan by teaching religion on Saturdays and Sundays, as well as by defending Judaism in the public press when it was assailed.

Philadelphia's Congregation Mikveh Israel

In 1828, Leeser published a letter in the Richmond Whig which used Jewish history to respond to an anti-Semitic article in the London Quarterly. This attracted the attention of the Jewish communities of Richmond as well as Philadelphia. About that time Abraham Israel Keys, who had served as hazzan of Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia for four years, died. Leeser accepted the congregation's invitation to serve as his successor, although several previous hazzans had been Sephardic Jews. Six years later, he discussed his rationale in a letter to Rabbi Solomon Hirschell of London: "Knowing my own want of proper qualification, I would never have consented to serve, if others more fitting in point of standing, information, or other qualities had been here; but this not being the case (as is proved by there being yet two congregations at least in this country without a regular hazzan), I consented to serve."

In August, 1829, Leeser arrived in Philadelphia with the manuscript of his first book (The Jews and the Mosaic Law). He also brought fresh ideas about his new job. Until that time, a hazzan in America mostly led the congregation in Hebrew prayers, and Rev. Keys had been known for his fine voice.[4] Leeser was aware however that Rev. Gershom Mendes Seixas, the synagogue's first rabbi and congregation founder had delivered sermons in English on occasion, as had Rev. Solomon Nunes Carvalho. Leeser knew that in Hamburg, Rabbi Gotthold Salomon had broken new ground by delivering a sermon in German. Preaching in German soon became the norm in Reform synagogues, and even some conservative rabbis, such as Isaac Bernays, had begun to deliver sermons in the vernacular. Leeser helped to transform the lectern into the pulpit.

On June 2, 1830, Leeser delivered his first English sermon. Thereafter he preached with regularity, though on sufferance only, until June 18, 1843, when the congregation formally accepted the sermon as regular. Leeser's practice of delivering sermons on a regular basis was ultimately adopted by American congregations, and preaching became one of the standard duties of Jewish clergyman.

Publisher

The scarcity of books concerning the Jewish religion had concerned many in his congregation. Leeser nearly singlehandedly provided American Jews with the texts they needed to worship. Although Philadelphia had vibrant publishing community, no one wanted to publish his translation of a Jewish instructional for children from German, so Leeser printed and published it himself in 1830. Similarly, he issued proposals to publish his translations of Johlson's Instruction in the Mosaic Religion, as well as his The Jews and the Mosaic Law, both of which likewise produced no offers, so he became his own publisher.

In 1837, he edited The Form of Prayers: The Custom of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, representing a translation into English of the Sephardic prayers used at Philadelphia's Mikveh Israel synagogue.[5]

In 1845, Leeser published his own Hebrew-English edition of the Torah in five volumes. It was the first such translation in the United States, and became the standard Bible for English-speaking Jews during the nineteenth century.[6]

Three years later, Leeser published a Masoretic Hebrew edition of the Tanakh, Biblia Hebraica, in cooperation with Joseph Jaquett, a local Episcopalian minister. It was the first of its kind to be printed in America.

In 1853, Leeser completed his English translation of the entire Tanakh, commonly called The Leeser Bible. In 1857 he issued a second (folio-size) edition of this Bible. A compact size edition (containing a "Notes" section in the back of the book) was printed two years after the quarto edition (which contained footnotes of more extensive notes), as stated in the second to the last paragraph of the Preface of the compact size edition.

Community leader

Many Jews emigrated from Germany in the 1830s and 1840s, and Leeser founded a free Jewish school in his home, as well as traveled to address other synagogues. He helped found the Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia in 1848, although he could not garner sufficient support to establish a network of Jewish schools to rival the local public schools.[7] Following a disagreement, Leeser resigned from Congregation Mikveh Israel in 1850, which called the Italian conservative hazzan Sabato Morais as his successor, as Leeser finished his Old Testament translation, as well as oversaw the opening of the first Philadelphia Hebrew school (with 22 students) on April 7, 1851.[8] In 1857, the newly formed Congregation Beth-El-Emeth in Philadelphia called Leeser to lead them, and he served there until his death.[9] When Leeser commenced his public career, the United States had approximately 12,000 to 15,000 scattered Jewish individuals and members of congregations in the United States; that community (and its children) grew to about 200,000 by his death.[10] He helped to mold them into a community in part by his pulpit activities, and in part by his press.

Leeser continued to advocate for the rights of religious minorities within American democracy. In the 1840s and 1850s, Leeser used his Occident and American Jewish Advocate magazine to alert the Jewish community to rising threats to their religious freedom. He also allied with other religious minorities, notably Seventh Day Baptists, to advocate against Sunday blue laws that banned work and other activities on the "Christian Sabbath".[11]

Leeser participated in nearly all the early Jewish philanthropic activities in the United States — examples include the first Jewish day schools, the first Jewish seminary, the first Jewish publication society. The Occident and American Jewish Advocate acquired an international reputation during his 25 years at its helm. The Jewish Publication Society he founded became the predecessor of today's Jewish Publication Society of America, and Leeser's translation of the Bible became an authorized version for English-speaking Jews around the world. Shortly before his death, Rev. Leeser helped found Maimonides College and became its provost. That paved the way for future Jewish seminaries in the United States, although it closed its doors in 1873 and Hebrew Union College would not be founded in Cincinnati until 1875.[12][13]

Death and legacy

Leeser died in Philadelphia on February 1, 1868, aged 62 and shortly after publishing ten volumes of his sermons. He was buried in his congregation's cemetery in West Philadelphia, which later became a joint cemetery with his former congregation Mikveh Israel.[14] In 1998, Philadelphia erected a historic marker near the cemetery's location, recognizing his contribution.[15]

By the terms of his will, Leeser left his extensive collection of letters, pamphlets, books, and periodicals to Maimonides College, which closed in 1873. Later, in 1913, the collection passed to Dropsie College, which itself closed in the early 1980s. The Leeser collection then passed to the Annenberg Research Institute, which became part of the University of Pennsylvania in 1993, as the Center for Advanced Judaic Studies. The University of Pennsylvania Libraries now holds the Leeser collection.[16]

Leeser has been described as "a modern Orthodox Jew"[17][18] and "one the most articulate spokesmen" among a small group of American Orthodox rabbis in the United States before the Civil War.[19][20]

Works

Leeser published the following works, including his own books, his translations, and books by other authors.

  • Joseph Johlson's Instruction in the Mosaic Religion (translated by Leeser, 1830)
  • The Jews and the Mosaic Law (1833)
  • Discourses (2 volumes, 1837)
  • Portuguese prayers, with Leeser's English translation (6 volumes, 1837)
  • Hebrew Spelling-Book (1838)
  • Catechism (1839)
  • The Claims of the Jews to an Equality of Rights (1841)
  • Discourses (1841)
  • The Occident and American Jewish Advocate, a monthly magazine (1843—1868)
  • The Pentateuch (Hebrew and English) (5 volumes, 1845)
  • Daily Prayers, German Rite, with Leeser's English translation (1848)
  • The Twenty-four books of the Holy Scriptures (The Leeser Bible) (4to, 1853)
  • The Twenty-four books of the Holy Scriptures (The Leeser Bible) (Second edition, 18mo, 1857)
  • Portuguese prayers, with Leeser's English translation (Second edition, 7 volumes, 1857)
  • The Dias Letters (1859)
  • The Inquisition and Judaism (1860)
  • Meditations and Prayers (1864)
  • Grace Aguilar, The Jewish Faith (1864)
  • Grace Aguilar, Spirit of Judaism (1864)
  • Collected Discourses (10 volumes, 1867)
  • Joseph Johlson's Instruction in the Mosaic Religion (translated by Leeser, second edition, 1867)

In addition, Leeser translated Joseph Schwarz's Geography of Palestine and, with Jaquett, published an edition of the Hebrew Bible.

gollark: Requiring you to not make mistakes for safety is VERY BAD.
gollark: Eh, tooling, it's more convenient to use C a lot of the time.
gollark: And Rust's advantages aren't massively advantageous on µCs.
gollark: C has better tooling and stuff now though.
gollark: Microcontrollers, I mean.

See also

References
  1. Appleton's Cyclopedia Vol. III p. 676
  2. National Library of Israel. "The Occident and American Jewish Advocate". Retrieved March 21, 2019.
  3. Zalma Rehine owned slaves in Richmond in the 1820 census and in Baltimore in the 1840 census, but the 1830 census may be misindexed either by ancestry.com or the National Archives.
  4. Norton Anthology of Jewish American Literature, letter of Rebecca Gratz at pp. 46-47, available at https://books.google.com/books?id=DwQlVoyHac8C&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=rabbi+Abraham+Israel+Keys%27&source=bl&ots=PlZ2bef_oi&sig=xTj7z3ZRrMb10wOa7G2ZgK2LJTA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjustu9vuraAhXrUN8KHRpDDikQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=rabbi%20Abraham%20Israel%20Keys'&f=false
  5. Penn Libraries. "Biographical Sketch of Isaac Leeser". Gershwind-Bennett Isaac Leeser Digital Repository.
  6. Leeser's translation began with the Torah in 1845, and was completed in 1853. The Jewish School and Family Bible, an Anglo-Jewish translation by A. Benisch, was partially simultaneous with that of Leeser but generally followed his progress: Its first volume (Torah) was published in 1851, and the final volume (Hagiographa) in 1861. Full scans of all the original printings of both translations can be found here.
  7. Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 9, p. 673
  8. The first rabbi emigrated to the United States in 1840 according to http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-3D1. Leeser never married, and many congregations of the time required a hazzan to have a wife.
  9. https://books.google.com/books?id=QQFfYgEACAAJ&dq=inauthor:%22Congregation+Beth+El+Emeth+(Philadelphia,+Pa.)%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid97SsnOraAhXn44MKHWHLA2oQ6AEIKzAB>
  10. http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-3D1
  11. Volk, Kyle G. (2014). Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 49-68. ISBN 019937192X.
  12. http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-3D1
  13. Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. 9, p. , available at The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History.
  14. http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/pennsylvania-pa/philadelphia-i-mi-philadelphia-county.html
  15. http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-3D1
  16. Kiron, Arthur (2000). The Professionalization of Wisdom: The Legacy of Dropsie College and Its Library, in Michael Ryan and Dennis Hyde, eds., The Penn Libraries Collections at 250. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Library. p. 190.
  17. Sussman, Lance J. (May 1985). "Another Look at Isaac Leeser and the First Jewish Translation of the Bible in the United States". Modern Judaism. 5 (2): 159–190. doi:10.1093/mj/5.2.159. JSTOR 1396393.
  18. See also Sarna, Jonathan D. (2004). "American Judaism". In Grunberger, Michael W. (ed.). From Haven to Home: 350 Years of Jewish Life in America. George Braziller. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-8076-1537-9. The great Orthodox Jewish leader Isaac Leeser
  19. Sherman, Moshe D. (December 1999). "Review of Isaac Leeser and the Making of American Judaism by Lance J. Sussman". American Jewish History. 87 (4): 402–404. doi:10.1353/ajh.1999.0044. JSTOR 23886239.
  20. See also Gurock, Jeffrey S. (2009). "Orthodox Judaism in the United States". Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 26, 2019. Rabbi Isaac Leeser, the most important Orthodox spokesperson of the pre-Civil War period

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Adler, Cyrus; Sulzberger, Mayer (1901–1906). "Isaac Leeser". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

  • Comay, Joan, Who's Who in Jewish History, Oxford University Press (1974). pg 118.
  • Levine, Yitzchok, "Isaac Leeser: Architect of Traditional Judaism in America", The Jewish Press, June 20, 2007. Retrieved on July 26, 2011.
  • Sussman, Lance J..1985. "Another look at Isaac Leeser and the first translation of the Jewish Bible in the United States. Modern Judaism 5.2: 159-190.
  • Sussman, Lance J., Isaac Leeser and the Making of American Judaism, Wayne State University Press (1995).
  • Goldman, Yosef, Hebrew Printing in America, YGBooks, 2006.
  • Volk, Kyle G. (2014). Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 49–68. ISBN 019937192X.

Writings and primary sources

Articles about Isaac Leeser
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