Intersection

In mathematics, the intersection of two or more objects is another, usually "smaller" object. All objects are presumed to lie in a certain common space except in set theory, where the intersection of arbitrary sets is defined. The intersection is one of basic concepts of geometry. Intuitively, the intersection of two or more objects is a new object that lies in each of original objects. An intersection can have various geometric shapes, but a point is the most common in a plane geometry.

This article is about a broad mathematical concept. For the point where roads meet, see Road intersection. For other uses, see Intersection (disambiguation).

The circle (black) intersects the line (purple) in two points (red). The disk (yellow) intersects the line in the line segment between the two red points.

The intersection (red) of two disks (white and red with black boundaries).

The intersection of D and E is shown in grayish purple. The intersection of A with any of B, C, D, or E is the empty set.

Definitions vary in different contexts: set theory formalizes the idea that a smaller object lies in a larger object with inclusion, and the intersection of sets is formed of elements that belong to all intersecting sets. It is always defined, but may be empty. Incidence geometry defines an intersection (usually, of flats) as an object of lower dimension that is incident to each of original objects. In this approach an intersection can be sometimes undefined, such as for parallel lines. In both cases the concept of intersection relies on logical conjunction.

Algebraic geometry defines intersections in its own way with intersection theory. Euclidean geometry deals with the intersections of planar and solid shapes.

Uniqueness

There can be more than one primitive object, such as points (pictured above), that form an intersection. The intersection can be viewed collectively as all of the shared objects (i.e., the intersection operation results in a set, possibly empty), or as several intersection objects (possibly zero).

In set theory

Considering a road to correspond to the set of all its locations, a road intersection (cyan) of two roads (green, blue) corresponds to the intersection of their sets.

Main article: Intersection (set theory)

The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of elements which are in both A and B. In symbols,

${\displaystyle A\cap B=\{x:x\in A{\text{ and }}x\in B\}}$.[1]

For example, if A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {1, 2, 4, 6} then A ∩ B = {1}. A more elaborate example (involving infinite sets) is:

A = {x is an even integer}

B = {x is an integer divisible by 3}

${\displaystyle A\cap B=\{6,12,18,\dots \}}$

As another example, the number 9 is not contained in the intersection of the set of prime numbers {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …} and the set of even numbers {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}, because 9 is neither prime nor even.

In Euclidean geometry

Further information: Intersection (Euclidean geometry)

• Line–line intersection
• Line–plane intersection
• Line–sphere intersection
• Intersection of a polyhedron with a line
• Line segment intersection
• Intersection curve

Notation

Intersection is denoted by the U+2229 ∩ INTERSECTION from Unicode Mathematical Operators.

The symbol U+2229 ∩ was first used by Hermann Grassmann in Die Ausdehnungslehre von 1844 as general operation symbol, not specialized for intersection. From there, it was used by Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932) for intersection, in 1888 in Calcolo geometrico secondo l'Ausdehnungslehre di H. Grassmann.[2][3]

Giuseppe Peano also created the large symbols for general intersection and union of more than two classes in 1908, at his book Formulario mathematico [4][5].

See also

• Constructive solid geometry, Boolean Intersection is one of the ways of combining 2D/3D shapes
• Meet (lattice theory)

References

1. Vereshchagin, Nikolai Konstantinovich; Shen, Alexander (2002-01-01). Basic Set Theory. American Mathematical Soc. ISBN 9780821827314.
2. Peano, Giuseppe (1888-01-01). Calcolo geometrico secondo l'Ausdehnungslehre di H. Grassmann: preceduto dalle operazioni della logica deduttiva (in Italian). Torino: Fratelli Bocca.
3. Cajori, Florian (2007-01-01). A History of Mathematical Notations. Torino: Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 9781602067141.
4. Peano, Giuseppe (1908-01-01). Formulario mathematico, tomo V (in Italian). Torino: Edizione cremonese (Facsimile-Reprint at Rome, 1960). p. 82. OCLC 23485397.
5. Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic

External links

• Weisstein, Eric W. "Intersection". MathWorld.