Ilya (Archbishop of Novgorod)

Ilya of Novgorod, also known as Ioann (John) of Novgorod (Russian: Иоанн Новгородский, his name upon entering the Great Schema and the name by which he is known in Russian Orthodox hagiography), was Archbishop of Novgorod from 1165 to his death in 1186.

A wooden effigy from Saint John's reliquary, 1559.

Life

The son of a priest, Ilya was himself priest of the Church of St. Blaise, south of the Novgorod Kremlin. The church was destroyed, rebuilt in 1407, destroyed during the Second World War and rebuilt again. Ilya was probably his first monastic name, and his baptismal name is not known.

The Church of Saint Blaise, Novgorod the Great; a reconstruction on the site of Ilya's parish church.

Ilya was appointed bishop of Novgorod by Metropolitan Ioann of Kiev in 1165.[1] He was the first to hold the title of archbishop in Novgorod after the office was elevated to the archiepiscopal dignity a few months later. Niphont held the title as a personal honor.

Ilya carried out a number of construction projects in Novgorod along with his brother, Gavril (also known as Grigorii), who succeeded him as archbishop (1186–1193) and consecrated the Khutyn Monastery, among other things.

Ilya died on September 7, 1186, and was buried in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in the west gallery, next to the Predtechenskaia Porch.[2] He was originally buried below the floor in the Martirievskii Porch (where Gavril is still buried), but was later moved.[3] His relics were desecrated during the Soviet anti-religious campaigns on April 3, 1919.[4] They are now in a different sarcophagus with a sarcophagial effigy (from the 1990s) covering it.

Ilya was canonized at the Moscow Council of 1547. His feast day is September 7 in the Julian calendar and September 20 in the Gregorian.

Ilya in literature and art

Ilya appears in a number of medieval tales (some of them set centuries after his death) as the quintessential archbishop of Novgorod. (He is almost always referred to as Ioann in them). The most famous tale depicts him conquering a devil and forcing it to transform itself into a horse and fly him to Jerusalem and back in a single night. In Jerusalem, he took the measurements of the Holy Sepulchre.[5] This tale was developed to explain how a chapel matching the exact measurements of the Holy Sepulchre was established in the Cathedral. Ilya's monastic cell was kept in the archiepiscopal palace and transformed into a church several centuries after his death. The copper washing basin in which he is said to have captured the devil was shown to visitors at least into the early twentieth century.

Ilya is also depicted in the two fifteenth and sixteenth century Icons of the Battle of the Novgorodians with the Suzdalians housed in the Novgorod Museum and the Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg. He is shown bringing the Icon of Our Lady of the Sign from the Church of the Transfiguration on Ilin Street to the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom during the Suzdalian siege of the city in 1169. The Mother of God is said to have saved the city at that time. He is also featured prominently in the tale that surrounds the event and the chronicle accounts of the siege.[6]

Ilya is also depicted in a 19th-century wall fresco in the Pretechenskaia Porch of the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom.

References

1. Michael C. Paul, "Episcopal Election in Novgorod Russia 1156-1478" Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture 72, No. 2 (June 2003),259.
2. Arsenii Nikolaevich Nasonov, ed. Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis, Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov (Moscow and Leningrad, ANSSR, 1950), 31-38, 219-; See Robert Michell and Neville Forbes, The Chronicle of Novgorod, 24-33. See also Michael C. Paul, "A Man Chosen by God": The Office of Archbishop in Novgorod, Russia 1165-1478. Ph.D. Dissertation University of Miami 2003
3. Valentin Lavrent'evich Ianin, Nekropol Novgorodskogo Sofiiskogo sobora: tserkovnaia traditsiia i istoricheskaia kritika (Moscow: Nauka, 1988); T. Iu. (Tatiana Iur’evna) Tsarevskaia, St. Sofia’s Cathedral in Novgorod, D. G. Fedosov, trans. (Moscow: Severnyi Palomnik, 2005). This is an English translation of Sofiiskii sobor v Novgorode. 2nd ed. (Moscow: Severnyi palomnik, 2005).
4. See the account online at http://scepsis.ru/library/id_736.html.
5. The legend is available online at http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=4994
6. The story is available online at http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=4994

Preceded by Arkady	Archbishop of Novgorod 1165–1186	Succeeded by Gavril (Grigorii)