Illegal aliens (Library of Congress Subject Heading)

Illegal aliens is a topical subject term in the Library of Congress Subject Headings thesaurus, that is, a phrase assigned by librarians to describe the content of books and other documents in a library catalog. The subject heading became a topic of political interest in the United States in 2016, when a decision by the Library of Congress to revise the heading and replace it with the terms "unauthorized immigration" and "noncitizens" was opposed by congressional Republicans.

Background

The Library of Congress Subject Heading (LCSH) "Aliens, Illegal" was established by the Library of Congress (LC) in 1980 and revised to "Illegal aliens" in 1993.[1]

The subject heading incorporates references from non-preferred forms of the term including "Aliens--Legal status, laws, etc."; "Aliens, Illegal"; "Illegal aliens--Legal status, laws, etc."; "Illegal immigrants"; "Illegal immigration"; and "Undocumented aliens". It also references related terms such as "Alien detention centers" and "Human smuggling." Associated headings include "Children of illegal aliens" and "Women illegal aliens."[2]

In this context, alien is a legal term meaning a person who is not a citizen or national of a given country.

Attempts to revise heading and backlash

In 2010, racial justice organization Race Forward debuted a campaign to "Drop the I-Word," an effort to ask media sources to no longer use the word "illegal" when referring to undocumented immigrants, arguing that using the word to describe people was dehumanizing, racially charged, and legally inaccurate.[3] Multiple news outlets stopped using "illegal" to describe people in the early 2010s, including the Associated Press.[4][5]

Student activists at Dartmouth College, including the Dartmouth Coalition for Immigration Reform, Equality and DREAMERs (CoFIRED), issued a series of racial justice demands to the Dartmouth administration in February 2014, one of which requested the term "Illegal aliens" not be used in the library's catalog.[6] Together with Dartmouth librarians, the students from CoFIRED submitted a formal request to LC in the summer of 2014 for the heading to be revised to "Undocumented immigrants".[1] In February 2015, LC announced it would not change the heading, in part because resources such as Black's Law Dictionary used "Illegal aliens" as an established term.[1]

Librarian activists continued to gather support to ask LC to revise the heading.[1][4] The Council of the American Library Association passed a resolution in January 2016 calling the term "dehumanizing, offensive, inflammatory, and even a racial slur" and urging the Library of Congress to change the subject heading to "Undocumented immigrants".[1][7] In March 2016, LC announced that it would replace the heading with two new headings: "Noncitizens" and "Unauthorized immigration".[8][9]

Following that announcement, Republican lawmakers made multiple attempts to block the revision of the subject heading, including the introduction of a bill by U.S. Representative Diane Black requiring the Library to retain the heading.[10] In June 2016, the House of Representatives added a provision to the 2017 appropriations bill for the legislative branch requiring LC to retain the heading without revision.[11] While the final bill did not require LC to keep the "Illegal aliens" heading, it did require LC "to make publicly available its process for changing or adding subject headings".[12] The Library of Congress has made no announcement regarding the heading since May 2016.[12]

Further developments

Change the Subject[13] is a 2019 documentary focusing on the efforts of the Dartmouth students in petitioning for changing the "Illegal aliens" subject heading.[14][15] It has been screened throughout the U.S.[16]

More than forty libraries and library systems have enacted changes to this subject heading in their own library systems.[12][17][18]

See also

References
  1. Peet, Lisa (13 June 2016). "Library of Congress Drops Illegal Alien Subject Heading, Provokes Backlash Legislation". Library Journal. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  2. "Illegal aliens". LC Subject Headings. Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  3. "Why Drop the I-Word?" (PDF). Race Forward. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  4. Blakemore, Erin (29 March 2016). "The Library of Congress Will Ditch the Subject Heading "Illegal Aliens"". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  5. Colford, Paul (2 April 2013). "'Illegal immigrant' no more". The Definitive Source [blog]. Associated Press. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  6. Fox, Violet B. (2016). "Cataloging News". Cataloging & Classification Quarterly. 54 (7). Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  7. "Resolution on Replacing the Library of Congress Subject Heading "Illegal Aliens" with "Undocumented Immigrants"" (PDF). American Library Association. January 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  8. "Summary of Decisions, Editorial Meeting Number 03". Library of Congress. March 21, 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  9. Padilla, Steve; Rivera, Selene (3 April 2016). "Library of Congress to stop using term 'illegal alien'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  10. Marcos, Cristina (16 May 2016). "Fight brews over forcing library to use 'illegal alien'". The Hill. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  11. Aguilera, Jasmine. "Another Word for 'Illegal Alien' at the Library of Congress: Contentious". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  12. Report of the SAC Working Group on Alternatives to LCSH "Illegal aliens" (Report). Subject Analysis Committee. June 2020. pp. 2–4. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  13. "Change the Subject – a documentary about labels, libraries, and activism". sites.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved 2020-08-09.
  14. Albright, Charlotte (22 April 2019). "'Change the Subject': A Hard-Fought Battle Over Words". Dartmouth News. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  15. Sanchez Olson, Yadira (3 March 2020). "Park City native discusses effort to remove 'illegal alien' from library headings: 'The way that it affects people is racialized'". Lake County News-Sun. Gurnee, Illinois. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  16. "Screenings". Change the Subject. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  17. Lencki, Maria (30 August 2018). "University library system adds 'ethical' search options so students can avoid the term 'illegal aliens'". The College Fix. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  18. Koberl, Keegan. "Cataloging Change: How Kennedy Library and the CSU Are Working Towards a More Inclusive Academic Environment". Cal Poly Libraries. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
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