Ice worm
Ice worms (also written as ice-worms or iceworms) are enchytraeid annelids of the genus Mesenchytraeus. The majority of the species in the genus are abundant in gravel beds or the banks of riverine habitats,[2][3] but the most well-known members of the genus are found in glacial ice. They include the only annelid worms known to spend their entire lives in glacial ice,[4] and some of the few metazoans to complete their entire life cycle at conditions below 0 °C (32 °F).[5]
Ice worm | |
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Mesenchytraeus solifugus | |
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Genus: | Mesenchytraeus |
Type species | |
Mesenchytraeus primaevus Eisen, 1878 | |
Species | |
The genus contains 77 species, including the North American glacier ice worm (Mesenchytraeus solifugus) and the Yosemite snow worm (Mesenchytraeus gelidus).[6][7][8]
Species
The genus contains 77 species. They are the following:[6][7][9]
- Mesenchytraeus affinis Michaelsen, 1901
- Mesenchytraeus altus Welch, 1917
- Mesenchytraeus americanus Bell, 1942
- Mesenchytraeus anisodiverticulus Shen, Chen & Xie, 2012
- Mesenchytraeus antaeus Rota & Brinkhurst, 2000
- Mesenchytraeus arcticus Bell, 1962
- Mesenchytraeus argentatus Nurminen, 1973b
- Mesenchytraeus armatus (Levinsen, 1884)
- Mesenchytraeus armatus armatus (Levinsen, 1884)
- Mesenchytraeus armatus kananaskis Dash, 1970
- Mesenchytraeus asiaticus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus atriaphorus Altman, 1936
- Mesenchytraeus beringensis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus beumeri (Michaelsen, 1886b)
- Mesenchytraeus bungei Michaelsen, 1901
- Mesenchytraeus cejkai Cernosvitov, 1937d
- Mesenchytraeus celticus Southern, 1909
- Mesenchytraeus chaunus Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
- Mesenchytraeus chromophorus Altman, 1936
- Mesenchytraeus crenobius Timm, 1994
- Mesenchytraeus diplobulbosus Bell, 1949
- Mesenchytraeus diverticulatus Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
- Mesenchytraeus eastwoodi Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus eltoni Stephenson, 1925
- Mesenchytraeus falciformis Eisen, 1878
- Mesenchytraeus flavidus Michaelsen, 1887
- Mesenchytraeus flavus (Levinsen, 1884)
- Mesenchytraeus fontinalis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus fontinalis fontinalis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus fontinalis gracilis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus franciscanus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus fuscus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus fuscus fuscus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus fuscus inermis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus gaudens Cognetti, 1903a
- Mesenchytraeus gelidus Welch, 1916
- Mesenchytraeus gigachaetus Xie, 2012
- Mesenchytraeus glandulosus (Levinsen, 1884)
- Mesenchytraeus grandis Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus grebnitzkyi Michaelsen, 1901
- Mesenchytraeus groenlandicus Nielsen & Christensen, 1959
- Mesenchytraeus hamiltoni Healy, 1996b
- Mesenchytraeus harrimani Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus hydrius Welch, 1919a
- Mesenchytraeus johanseni Welch, 1919b
- Mesenchytraeus kincaidi Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus kontrimavichusi Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
- Mesenchytraeus konyamensis Michaelsen, 1916
- Mesenchytraeus kuehnelti Dózsa-Farkas, 1991a
- Mesenchytraeus kuril Healy & Timm, 2000
- Mesenchytraeus lusitanicus Collado, Martínez-Ansemil & Giani,1993
- Mesenchytraeus macnabi Bell, 1942
- Mesenchytraeus maculatus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus magnus Altman, 1936
- Mesenchytraeus melanocephalus Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
- Mesenchytraeus minimus Altman, 1936
- Mesenchytraeus mirabilis Eisen, 1878
- Mesenchytraeus monochaetus Bretscher, 1900
- Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus Shen, Chen & Xie, 2012
- Mesenchytraeus monothecatus Bell, 1945
- Mesenchytraeus multispinus (Grube, 1851)
- Mesenchytraeus nanus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus obscurus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus ogloblini Černosvitov, 1928b
- Mesenchytraeus orcae Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus pedatus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus pelicensis Issel, 1905c
- Mesenchytraeus penicillus Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus primaevus Eisen, 1878
- Mesenchytraeus rhithralis Healy & Fend, 2002
- Mesenchytraeus sanguineus Nielsen & Christensen, 1959
- Mesenchytraeus setchelli Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus solifugus (Emery, 1898)
- Mesenchytraeus solifugus solifugus (Emery, 1898)
- Mesenchytraeus solifugus rainierensis Welch, 1916
- Mesenchytraeus straminicolus Rota, 1995
- Mesenchytraeus sveni Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
- Mesenchytraeus svetae Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
- Mesenchytraeus tetrapodus Timm, 1978
- Mesenchytraeus torbeni Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
- Mesenchytraeus tundrus Piper, MacLean & Christensen, 1982
- Mesenchytraeus unalaskae Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus variabilis Cejka, 1914
- Mesenchytraeus vegae Eisen, 1904
- Mesenchytraeus viivi Timm, 1978
- Mesenchytraeus vshivkovae Timm, 1994
Mesenchytraeus franzi is a junior synonym of Cognettia clarae.[6] Mesenchytraeus megachaetae Shen, Chen & Xie, 2011 has been renamed Mesenchytraeus gigachaetus Xie, 2012 due to the previous name being preoccupied by Mesenchytraeus megachaetae Bretscher, 1901, a junior synonym of Mesenchytraeus armatus.[7][10]
See also
References
- Kathryn A. Coates; Jan M. Locke; Brenda M. Healy; Mark J. Wetzel (August 26, 2008). "The aphanoneuran and clitellate Annelida occurring in the United States and Canada: families Enchytraeidae and Propappidae". University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
- Paula L. Hartzell & Daniel H. Shain (2009). "Glacier Ice Worms". In Daniel H. Shain (ed.). Annelids in Modern Biology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 305. ISBN 9780470455197.
- Brenda Healy & Steve Fend (2002). "The occurrence of Mesenchytraeus (Enchytraeidae: Oligochaeta) in riffle habitats of north-west American rivers, with description of a new species". Journal of Natural History. 36 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1080/713833842.
- Shain, Daniel H.; Carter, Melissa R.; Murray, Kurt P.; Maleski, Karen A.; Smith, Nancy R.; McBride, Taresha R.; Michalewicz, Lisa A.; Saidel, William M. (2000). "Morphologic characterization of the ice worm Mesenchytraeus solifugus". Journal of Morphology. 246 (3): 192–7. doi:10.1002/1097-4687(200012)246:3<192::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-B. PMID 11077431.
- A.H. Farrell, K.A.Hohenstein, & D.H. Shain (2004). "Molecular adaptation in the ice worm, Mesenchytraeus solifugus: divergence of energetic-associated genes". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 59 (5): 666–673. Bibcode:2004JMolE..59..666F. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-2658-z. PMID 15693622.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado (2012). "An updated checklist of currently accepted species of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta, Annelida)". VTI Agriculture and Forestry Research. 357: 67–87.
- Rüdiger M. Schmelz & Rut Collado (2015). "Checklist of taxa of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta): an update" (PDF). Soil Organisms. 87 (2): 149–152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
- Qi Shen, Jing Chen, & Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus sp. nov. (Annelida: Cliterllata: Enchytraeidae) from Changbai Mountain, with a key to Mesenchytraeus with enlarged chaetae". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (3): 215–227. doi:10.2988/12-08.1.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Qi Shen, Jing Chen, & Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus monodiverticulus sp. nov. (Annelida: Clitellata: Enchytraeidae) from Changbai Mountain, with a key to Mesenchytraeus with enlarged chaetae". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (3): 215–227. doi:10.2988/12-08.1.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Zhicai Xie (2012). "Mesenchytraeus gigachaetus, new name, a replacement name for Mesenchytraeus megachaetus Shen et al., 2011". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 125 (1): 18. doi:10.2988/11-41.1.