ISCOM

Immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs) are spherical open cage-like structures (typically 40 nm in diameter) that are spontaneously formed when mixing together cholesterol, phospholipids and Quillaja saponins under a specific stoichiometry. The complex displays immune stimulating properties and is thus mainly used as a vaccine adjuvant in order to induce a stronger immune response and longer protection.

History

ISCOM technology was invented in 1982 by Professor Bror Morein at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Uppsala.[1] The key components of ISCOMs are the Quillaja saponins, which are derived from the bark of the Chilean soap-bark tree Quillaja saponaria Molina. Quillaja saponins are well known for their ability to activate the immune system. It is also known that saponins in general can have toxic side-effects, including the induction of haemolysis. However, when Quillaia saponins, cholesterol and phospholipids are mixed under the specific stoichiometry that forms ISCOMs, this haemolytic activity is practically eliminated, while the adjuvant activity is retained.

Immunological advantages

ISCOM-Matrix technology offers several immunological and practical advantages over currently available adjuvants. Most adjuvants on the market today mainly activate the humoral immune response (i.e. give an antibody response). There is, however, a clear need for adjuvants able to induce a cell-mediated immune response as well. ISCOM technology generally induces strong activation of both the cell-mediated (Th1 response) and the humoral arms (Th2 response) of the immune system. This generates all classes and sub-classes of antibodies, as well as potent cellular responses, e.g. cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

This strong induction of the cellular response is one of the hallmarks of ISCOM-Matrix technology. A cell-mediated immune response is crucial for effective vaccination against intracellular pathogens and chronic infections. Moreover, the technology is highly efficient; its long-lasting immune responses allow reduction of the antigen dose. Typically, the dose can be decreased by a factor of 10 to 100, which will significantly cut the production cost of the vaccine. ISCOM-Matrix technology can also be of immense value in a situation when manufacturing capacity is inadequate in the face of an emerging threat such as an influenza pandemic.

ISCOM technology is also able to induce an adaptive immune response in the presence of pre-existing antibodies, for example in new-borns who have maternal antibodies.

The chemical stability of ISCOM-Matrix is of significant practical value. ISCOMs have demonstrated a shelf-life of several years during storage in aqueous solutions at +2-8°C (compared to months for free saponins).

Since the ISCOM-Matrix is simply mixed with the antigen post-manufacturing, it offers great production advantages and flexibility in vaccine design. If required, however, the antigen can also be incorporated into the structure.

gollark: My ideal protocol would probably be something like IRC but with globally shared, cryptographically validated identity, modern things like the Discord guild/channel model, reactions, serverside history, and file upload, and standardized "bouncer" capabilities.
gollark: Oh, *that*.
gollark: ++tel graph
gollark: Unfortunately this is also horribly difficult to implement and possibly not very necessary.
gollark: Matrix is somewhat cool in that instead of, like IRC/XMPP, just relaying events as they happen from some central trusted servers, it is a protocol for synchronizing an eventually consistent chatroom between everyone everywhere.

See also

References
  1. Morein, B; Sundquist, B; Höglund, S; Dalsgaard, K; Osterhaus, A (1984). "Iscom, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses". Nature. 308 (5958): 457–60. Bibcode:1984Natur.308..457M. doi:10.1038/308457a0. PMID 6709052.

Further reading
  • Martina, Byron E.E; Van De Bildt, Marco W.G; Kuiken, Thijs; Van Amerongen, Geert; Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E (2003). "Immunogenicity and efficacy of recombinant subunit vaccines against phocid herpesvirus type 1". Vaccine. 21 (19–20): 2433–40. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00056-2. PMID 12744876.
  • Rimmelzwaan, G.F; Baars, M; Van Amerongen, G; Van Beek, R; Osterhaus, A.D.M.E (2001). "A single dose of an ISCOM influenza vaccine induces long-lasting protective immunity against homologous challenge infection but fails to protect Cynomolgus macaques against distant drift variants of influenza A (H3N2) viruses". Vaccine. 20 (1–2): 158–63. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00262-6. PMID 11567760.
  • Mooij, P; Nieuwenhuis, I. G; Knoop, C. J; Doms, R. W; Bogers, W. M. J. M; Ten Haaft, P. J. F; Niphuis, H; Koornstra, W; Bieler, K; Kostler, J; Morein, B; Cafaro, A; Ensoli, B; Wagner, R; Heeney, J. L (2004). "Qualitative T-Helper Responses to Multiple Viral Antigens Correlate with Vaccine-Induced Immunity to Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection". Journal of Virology. 78 (7): 3333–42. doi:10.1128/JVI.78.7.3333-3342.2004. PMC 371051. PMID 15016855.
  • Nguyen, T.V; Iosef, C; Jeong, K; Kim, Y; Chang, K.-O; Lovgren-Bengtsson, K; Morein, B; Azevedo, M.S.P; Lewis, P; Nielsen, P; Yuan, L; Saif, L.J (2003). "Protection and antibody responses to oral priming by attenuated human rotavirus followed by oral boosting with 2/6-rotavirus-like particles with immunostimulating complexes in gnotobiotic pigs". Vaccine. 21 (25–26): 4059–70. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00267-6. PMID 12922143.
  • Coulter, Alan; Harris, Rodney; Davis, Roslyn; Drane, Debbie; Cox, John; Ryan, David; Sutton, Phil; Rockman, Steve; Pearse, Martin (2003). "Intranasal vaccination with ISCOMATRIX® adjuvanted influenza vaccine". Vaccine. 21 (9–10): 946–9. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00545-5. PMID 12547607.
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