IS-3 (tank)

The IS-3 (also known as Object 703) is a Soviet heavy tank developed in late 1944. Its semi-hemispherical cast turret (resembling an upturned soup bowl), became the hallmark of post-war Soviet tanks. Its pike nose design would also be mirrored by other tanks of the IS tank family such as the IS-7 and T-10. Too late to see combat in World War II, the IS-3 participated in the Berlin Victory Parade of 1945, in the border conflict during the Sino-Soviet split, the Soviet invasion of Hungary, the Prague Spring and on both sides of the Six-Day War.

For the Object 244 heavy tank, see IS-1 and IS-2.

IS-3
IS-3 tank in a museum in Brussels
Type	Heavy tank
Place of origin	Soviet Union
Service history
Used by	Soviet Union Egypt Israel Poland South Ossetia Ukraine
Wars	World War II Six-Day War War in Donbass
Production history
Designed	1944
Manufacturer	Factory No.100 Kirovskiy Works
Produced	1945–47
No. built	2,311[1] (Total) 350 (Model 1945)[2]
Variants	IS-3 Model 1945[2]
Specifications (IS-3 Model 1945)
Mass	46,500 kg (102,500 lb) (Combat)
Length	9.85 m (32.3 ft)
Width	3.15 m (10.3 ft)
Height	2.45 m (8 ft 0 in)
Crew	4
Armor	200 mm (7.9 in)-20 mm (0.79 in)
Main armament	122mm Gun D-25 (28 rounds)
Secondary armament	2 x 7.62mm DT MG (coaxial, turret rear, 1000 rounds) 1 x 12.7mm DShK MG (AA, 945 rounds)
Engine	V-2-IS (V-2K) (diesel) 600hp@2000rpm
Power/weight	11.0 hp/tonne
Transmission	4 forward, 1 reverse
Operational range	150 km (93 mi)/120 km (75 mi) (On/off-road)
Maximum speed	37 km/h (23 mph)/19 km/h (12 mph) (On/off-road)
References	[2]

Design and production

Frontal view of an IS-3. The squat solid-looking front profile and pike nose armor shape are highly distinctive. US Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen Maryland (2008)

Object 703 was developed in late 1944 by Factory No.100 Kirovskiy Works or ChTZ (in Chelyabinsk) and left the factory shop in May 1945.[3] This tank had an improved armour layout, and a semi-hemispherical cast turret (resembling an upturned soup bowl), which became the hallmark of post-war Soviet tanks. While this low, hemispherical turret improved protection, it also significantly diminished crew headroom, especially for the loader. The low turret also limited the maximum depression of the main gun, since the gun breech had little room inside the turret to elevate, and this limited the extent to which the IS-3 could take advantage of hull-down positions.[4] The IS-3's pointed prow earned it the nickname Shchuka (Pike) by its crews. It weighed slightly less and stood 28 centimetres (11 in) lower than previous versions. Wartime production resulted in many mechanical problems and a hull weldline that had a tendency to crack open.[5]

Former Egyptian Army IS-3M

The IS-3 came too late to see action in World War II. The first public demonstration of the IS-3 came on 7 September 1945 during the Allied victory parade on Charlottenburger Straße in Berlin, with the heavily reinforced 71st Guards Heavy Tank Regiment of the 2nd Guards Tank Army.[3] Starting in 1960, the IS-3 was slightly modernized as the IS-3M, in a manner similar to the IS2M.

The IS-3 was a significant improvement to the IS-1 and IS-2 due to its pike nose frontal armor. Having frontal hull armor that was already pre-angled meant that less armor was needed to maintain the same effective armor thickness on the upper glacis.

Combat history

Three pre-series vehicles were assigned to an independent Guards Battalion but they arrived after peace broke out. There are unconfirmed reports of them fighting Jagdpanthers after the surrender. They also took part in the September 7th, 1945 victory parade in Berlin under the 71st Guards Heavy Tank Regiment of the 2nd Guards Tank Army.[1]

In response to border disputes between the Soviet Union and China, some Soviet IS-3s were dug in as fixed pillboxes along the Soviet-Chinese border. The IS-3 was used in the 1956 Soviet invasion of Hungary and the Prague Spring in 1968.

During the early 1950s, all IS-3s were modernized as IS-3M models. The Egyptian Army acquired about 100 IS-3M tanks from the Soviet Union.[6] During the Six-Day War, a single regiment of IS-3M tanks was stationed with the Egyptian 7th Infantry Division at Rafah and the 125th Tank Brigade of the 6th Mechanized Division at Kuntilla was also equipped with about 60 IS-3M tanks.[6] Israeli infantry and paratrooper units had considerable difficulty with the IS-3M when it was encountered due to its thick armor, which shrugged off hits from normal infantry anti-tank weapons such as the bazooka.[6] Even the 90 mm AP shell fired by the main gun of the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) M48 Patton tanks could not penetrate the frontal armor of the IS-3s at normal battle ranges.[6] There were a number of engagements between the M48A2 Pattons of the IDF 7th Armored Brigade and IS-3s supporting Egyptian positions at Rafah in which several M48A2s were knocked out in the fighting.[6]

However, in one engagement between a battalion of IS-3s and 90 mm gun-armed M48A3's, seven IS-3s were destroyed. The slow rate of fire, poor engine performance (the engine was not well suited to hot-climate operations), and rudimentary fire control of the IS-3s proved to be a significant handicap, and about 73 IS-3s were lost in the 1967 war.[6] Most Egyptian IS-3 tanks were withdrawn from service, though at least one regiment was retained in service as late as the 1973 October war.[6] The IDF itself experimented with a few captured IS-3M tanks, but found them ill-suited to fast-moving desert tank warfare; those that were not scrapped were turned into stationary defensive pillbox emplacements in the Jordan River area.[6]

After the Korean War, China attempted to reverse-engineer the IS-2/IS-3 as the Type 122 medium tank. The project was cancelled in favor of the Type 59, a copy of the Soviet T-54A.

Models

IS-3

1944 armor redesign, with new rounded turret, angular front hull casting, integrated stowage bins over the tracks. Internally similar to IS-2 model 1944, and produced concurrently. About 350 built during the war.

IS-3M

(1952) Modernized version of IS-3. Fitted with additional jettisonable external fuel tanks, improved hull welding and a new anti-air machine gun.

Operators

 Czechoslovakia

• Czechoslovak Army: Two IS-3 delivered in 1949 were used only for trials and military parades.

 Egypt

• Egyptian Army: 100 IS-3M operated from 1956-1967, some in use during the Six-Day War 1967.

 Israel

• IDF: Three IS-3M captured from Egypt in 1967. Reused as indirect fire artillery on the Sinai's Bar Lev line and as fixed turret bunkers fortifications along the Jordan Valley frontier.

 Poland

• Polish Land Forces: Two IS-3s were bought in 1946 for trials only

 Hungary

• Hungarian People's Army: Few IS-3M were delivered, but only used for trials. In the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, there were IS-3 tanks with Hungarian flags on the top. They were captured, or delivered earlier from the Soviet Union. Modifications were made by the Hungarian engineers, but the army had to give them back after the end of the conflict.[7]

 South Ossetia

• South Ossetian Army: Operated IS-3s until 1995.

 Soviet Union

• Red Army: Accepted into service 29 March 1945[8]
• Soviet Army

 Ukraine

• One IS-3, previously displayed on a pedestal in the village of Aleksandro-Kalynove near Kostiantynivka as a World War II memorial, used in combat by the Novorossiyan Armed Forces in the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine.[9] Kostiantynivka was retaken by Ukrainian forces on 7 July 2014, along with the IS-3.[10][11]

A restored IS-3 of the Military Museum Lešany

Surviving vehicles

• IDF Armoured Corps Museum, Israel.
• Museum of Armoured Arms, Training Center of Land Forces, Poznań, Poland (still operational)
• Army Technical Museum, Lešany, Czech Republic (operational).[12]
• Polish Army Museum, Warsaw, Poland. (Fort Czerniaków branch of the Museum).
• National Armor and Cavalry Museum, Fort Benning, Georgia, United States.
• Victory Park in the northern part of Ulyanovsk, Russia.
• Ulyanovskoe SVU, Ulyanovsk, Russia
• Military Glory Museum, Gomel, Belarus.
• Diorama Battle of Kursk, in Belgorod, Russia.
• At least one IS-3 was used by the separatist government in Donbass before being captured by Ukrainian forces. Another IS-3 was filmed being successfully started and driven off its plinth at a memorial to the Great Patriotic War in Kostiantynivka, where it was then reportedly used by Pro-Russian rebels on June 30, 2014.[13]
• IS-3 re-engined with unknown replacement power plant restored and available for tourist rides Strategic Missile Forces Museum near Pobuzke, Ukraine.[14]

IS-3M

• Egyptian National Military Museum, Cairo Citadel, Egypt.
• Military Vehicle Technology Foundation, California, United States.[15]
• Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History, Brussels, Belgium. (still operational)

See also

• KV-1
• IS tank family
• T-10
• ISU-122
• ISU-152
• List of Soviet tanks

Tanks of comparable role

• German Tiger II
• British Centurion heavy cruiser tank
• French AMX 50 prototype heavy tank

References

1. "Iosif Stalin 3 (IS-3)". Tank Encyclopedia. 30 June 2014.
2. "IS-3 Model 1945". onwar.com.
3. Russian armored vehicles. XX Century. Volume 3: 1945–1965 ISBN 5977101066, 2010.
4. Perrett 1987:21
5. ZALOGA IS-2 HEAVY TANK 1944-73 P19
6. Zaloga 1994, p. 39.
7. "An IS-3 with Hungarian crew".
8. Kinnear, James; Sewell, Stephen (29 June 2017). "Soviet T-10 Heavy Tank and Variants". Bloomsbury Publishing. p. Appendix One.
9. "Танк "Иосиф Сталин-3" разгромил блокпост на Донбассе, есть погибшие" ["Joseph Stalin-3" tank crushed checkpoint in Donbass, fatalities]. RIA Novosti. 30 June 2014.
10. "Ukrainian government troops target further gains". Market Watch (The Wall Street Journal). July 6, 2014.
11. "Ukrainian flag raised over Kostiantynivka Town Council". ukrinform.ua. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
12. Archived May 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
13. Warford, James M. "Soviet IS-3 'Stalin' Heavy Tank: Importance of Getting Assessment Right" (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2019.
14. Restored and available for tourist ride
15. "Military Vehicle Technology Foundation - Collection by Category". Mvtf.org. Retrieved 2011-06-15.