Hygrophorus marzuolus

Hygrophorus marzuolus, commonly known as the March mushroom, is a species of fungus in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is known from Asia, Europe, and North America, where it grows on the ground in mixed forests at high elevations.

Hygrophorus marzuolus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Hygrophoraceae
Genus:
Hygrophorus
Species:
H. marzuolus
Binomial name
Hygrophorus marzuolus
(Fr.) Bres. (1893)[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Agaricus marzuolus Fr. (1821)
  • Limacium camarophyllum subsp. marzuolum (Fr.) Herink (1949)
  • Clitocybe marzuolus (Fr.) Sacc. (1887)

Taxonomy

The species was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821 as Agaricus marzuolus, and transferred to Hygrophorus in 1893 by Giacomo Bresadola.[2] It is commonly known as the "March mushroom".[3]

Description

The fruit bodies have caps that are broadly convex, measuring 2.5–11 cm (1.0–4.3 in) in diameter. Their surfaces are smooth and sticky, with a pale greyish-brown center and darker brown to blackish-grey margin. The distantly spaced, broad gills have an adnate to adnexed attachment to the stipe, and two tiers of intervening lamellulae (short gills). The gills are initially white before turning gray to bluish-gray in age. The whitish stipe measures 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) long by 1–2.5 cm (0.4–1.0 in) thick, and is either equal in width throughout or tapers slightly towards the base. The stipe is smooth except for a few tufts of hairs near the top. Immediately underneath the cap cuticle, the flesh of the cap is water-soaked; elsewhere in the cap, it is gray-tinted with a sheen, while in the stipe it is dull white. It lacks any appreciable odor or taste.[4] It is considered edible in Europe, where it is prized in some regions.[5]

The thin-walled, elliptical spores measure 6.5–8.5 by 4.5–5 µm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are narrowly club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 42–55 by 5.4–8.1 µm.[4]

Habitat and distribution

Hygrophorus marzuolus is a mycorrhizal fungus. Associations have been noted with the trees Abies alba, and sometimes with Picea excelsa and Pinus sylvestris.[6] Fruit bodies grow singly to scattered or sometimes in clusters on the forest floor in duff or in moss. It fruits under conifers, often fir and Engelmann spruce, typically at high elevations. A snowbank mushroom, it is associated with melting snow, and fruiting is initiated under snowbanks. The fungus has been recorded from the mountains of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, northern Arizona, and northern California.[4] The European distribution extends from the French Pyrenees to the region of Prague.[6] In Asia, it has been reported from Pakistan.[7]

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See also

List of Hygrophorus species

References
  1. Bresadola G. (1893). "Di due specie interessanti di funghi della fIora micologica italiana". Atti della Reale Accademia degli Agiati di Rovereto (in Italian). 11: 3.
  2. "Hygrophorus marzuolus (Fr.) Bres. 1893". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
  3. McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Peterson Field Guides. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. p. 207. ISBN 0-395-91090-0.
  4. Bessette A, Miller OK Jr, Bessette AR, Miller HR (1995). Mushrooms of North America in Color: A Field Guide Companion to Seldom-Illustrated Fungi. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 50–1. ISBN 0-8156-2666-5.
  5. Overall A. (2004). "As mad as a March......mushroom!" (PDF). Field Mycology. 5 (4): 116–8. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60265-4.
  6. Kraft MM. (1958). "Sur la repartition d'Hygrophorus marzuolus (Fr.) Bres" [On the distribution of Hygrophorus marzuolus (Fr.) Bres.]. Bericht der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft (in French). 68: 254–88.
  7. Razaq A, Shahzad S (2005). "Hygrophorus marzuolus, a new report from Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Botany. 37 (4): 1031–2. ISSN 0556-3321.
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