Hybrid cryptosystem

In cryptography, a hybrid cryptosystem is one which combines the convenience of a public-key cryptosystem with the efficiency of a symmetric-key cryptosystem. Public-key cryptosystems are convenient in that they do not require the sender and receiver to share a common secret in order to communicate securely (among other useful properties). However, they often rely on complicated mathematical computations and are thus generally much more inefficient than comparable symmetric-key cryptosystems. In many applications, the high cost of encrypting long messages in a public-key cryptosystem can be prohibitive. This is addressed by hybrid systems by using a combination of both.

A hybrid cryptosystem can be constructed using any two separate cryptosystems:

  • a key encapsulation scheme, which is a public-key cryptosystem, and
  • a data encapsulation scheme, which is a symmetric-key cryptosystem.

The hybrid cryptosystem is itself a public-key system, whose public and private keys are the same as in the key encapsulation scheme.

Note that for very long messages the bulk of the work in encryption/decryption is done by the more efficient symmetric-key scheme, while the inefficient public-key scheme is used only to encrypt/decrypt a short key value.

All practical implementations of public key cryptography today employ the use of a hybrid system. Examples include the TLS protocol which uses a public-key mechanism for key exchange (such as Diffie-Hellman) and a symmetric-key mechanism for data encapsulation (such as AES). The OpenPGP (RFC 4880) file format and the PKCS #7 (RFC 2315) file format are other examples.

Example

To encrypt a message addressed to Alice in a hybrid cryptosystem, Bob does the following:

  1. Obtains Alice's public key.
  2. Generates a fresh symmetric key for the data encapsulation scheme.
  3. Encrypts the message under the data encapsulation scheme, using the symmetric key just generated.
  4. Encrypts the symmetric key under the key encapsulation scheme, using Alice's public key.
  5. Sends both of these encryptions to Alice.

To decrypt this hybrid ciphertext, Alice does the following:

  1. Uses her private key to decrypt the symmetric key contained in the key encapsulation segment.
  2. Uses this symmetric key to decrypt the message contained in the data encapsulation segment.

Security

If both the key encapsulation and data encapsulation schemes are secure against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks, then the hybrid scheme inherits that property as well.[1] However, it is possible to construct a hybrid scheme secure against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack even if the key encapsulation has a slightly weakened security definition (though the security of the data encapsulation must be slightly stronger).[2]

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References
  1. Cramer, Ronald; Shoup, Victor (2019). "Design and Analysis of Practical Public-Key Encryption Schemes Secure against Adaptive Chosen Ciphertext Attack" (PDF). SIAM Journal on Computing. 33 (1): 167–226. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.76.8924. doi:10.1137/S0097539702403773.
  2. Hofheinz, Dennis; Kiltz, Eike (2019). "Secure Hybrid Encryption from Weakened Key Encapsulation" (PDF). Advances in Cryptology -- CRYPTO 2007. Springer. pp. 553–571.
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