Homosteus

Homosteus is a genus of flattened arthrodire placoderm from the Middle Devonian. Fossils are found primarily in Eifelian-epoch aged strata of Europe, Canada, Greenland, and Estonia.[1] All of the species had comparatively large, flattened heads with, as suggested by the upward opening orbits, upward-pointing eyes. These adaptations suggest that the various species were benthic predators. A study on Titanichthys, in contrast, suggests that species of Homosteus may have been filter-feeders instead.[2]

Homosteus Temporal range: Eifelian-?Givetian
H. milleri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Placodermi
Order:	Arthrodira
Family:	Homostiidae
Genus:	Homosteus
Type species
Homosteus formosissimus Asmuss 1856
Species
H. formosissimus Asmuss 1856 H. arcticus Heintz 1934 H. cf. arcticus Orvig 1969 H. kochi Stensiö & Säve-Söderbergh 1938 H. latus Asmuss 1856 H. manitobensis (Okulitch) 1944 H. milleri Traquair 1888 H. sulcatus (Kutorga) 1837
Synonyms
Dinichthys manitobensis Okulitch 1944 Homostius sp. Asmuss 1856 Homosteus anceps Asmuss 1856 Homosteus cataphractus Asmuss 1856 Homosteus ponderosus Asmuss 1856 Trionyx sulcatus Kutorga 1837 Trionyx latus Kutorga 1837

Species

H. formosissimus

The type species of the genus. It is a thin-plated species from the Eifelian-aged Aruküla beds of Estonia. Although H. sulcatus was described earlier in 1837, H. formosissimus is the official type species as it was the first to be described as a placoderm (H. sulcatus was originally described as a soft-shelled turtle). H. formosissimus had a small, thin keel down the dorsal-center of its median dorsal plate.[1]

H. arcticus

This species is based on a 15 centimeter-long preorbital plate from the early Eifelian of the Wood Bay formations of Spitzbergen, Norway. Compared to other species, the anatomy of the plate suggests the species is very primitive for the genus. Denison, 1978, suggests that the species may be different enough to merit its own distinct genus.[1]

H. cf. arcticus

Based on a specimen found in the Emsian epoch-aged layers of the Wood Bay formations of Spitzbergen. May or may not be of this genus.[1]

H. kochi

This species is from the Givetian of Middle Devonian Greenland, of Canning Land, to be precise. H. kochi has a comparatively very narrow nuchal plate.[1]

H. latus

A giant species from the Eifelian-aged Aruküla beds of Estonia, and may have existed sympatrically with H. formosissimus. H. latus differed from H. formosissimus in having comparatively thick plates, a large, massive crest-like keel along the dorsal-center of its medial dorsal plate, and head-plates over a meter in length. Originally described as "Trionyx latus Kutorga 1837"[1]

H. manitobensis

This species is found in the Eifelian-aged Elm Point Limestone of Manitoba. Based on a pair of paranuchal and marginal plates originally referred to the genus Dinichthys. H. manitobensis is the only member of the genus found in North America proper.[1]

H. milleri

H. milleri is from the Givetian of what is now the Orkney and Shetland Islands. It is a medium-sized species with a comparatively very rectangular-shaped median dorsal plate.[1]

H. sulcatus

Another species from the Eifelian-aged Aruküla beds of Estonia. Although H. sulcatus was described before H. formosissimus, H. sulcatus was originally described as a soft-shelled turtle, ne "Trionyx sulcatus Kutorga 1837". H. sulcatus had thick plates, and a well-developed keel on the dorsal-center of its median dorsal plate. It was larger than H. formosissimus, but still much smaller than H. latus.[1]

References

1. Denison, Robert (1978). Placodermi Volume 2 of Handbook of Paleoichthyology'. Stuttgart New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-89574-027-4.
2. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.200272