Hokutan Horonai coal mine

The Horonai coal mine (幌内炭鉱, , Horonai tankō) is the oldest mine of the Ishikari coalfield of the Sorachi (Mikasa) mining region on the Japanese island of Hokkaido. Since its privatisation in 1889, the mine came under the management of the Hokutan company until its closure in 1989.[1]

The in 1966-built Horonai headgear (幌内立坑櫓) of the Horonai mine
The third railway of Japan (1882), the railway of Horonai (官営幌内鉄道, Kan'ei Horonai Tetsudō)
Gatepost of the Hokutan Horonai mine
The Daikōdō (大抗道), the first adit of the Horonai mine (1879) (also known as the Otowakõ (音羽坑) )
The coal silo in the Landscape Park of the Horonai coal mine (幌内炭鉱景観公園, Horonai Tankō Keikan Kōen)
The hoisting machine of the Tokiwakō-adits (常磐坑) of the Hokutan Horonai mine

The Startup

In 1868, carpenter Kimura Kichitarō (木村 吉太郎) discovered coal in Horonai, Mikasa (三 笠).[2] However, it took another 6 years before Chōjūrō Hayakawa a citizen of Sapporo, delivered the first coal to the colonization commission (開拓使, Kaitakushi).[3] The local government took action, and the mining engineers Benjamin Smith Lyman and Takeaki Enomoto welded an investigation. Their findings were satisfactory, and the Meiji government decided to build in Horonai the first coal mine of the Ishikari coal basin.[4] The construction of the mine was led by the American engineer L.C.E. Goujot and his disciple Edward Parry.[5] The first adit, the Daikōdō (大抗道, big adit) was opened in 1879. It was followed by the opening of the Takinosawa adit (瀧ノ沢抗) and Honsawa adit (本沢抗) in 1882, which meant the start of the coal production.[4]

In the year 1882, the railway of Horonai was completed (官営幌内鉄道, Kan'ei Horonai Tetsudō), the third railway of the Japanese empire connecting the mine with the Otaru harbor.[6] Also, the government decided to build the prison of sorachi in Mikasa (空知監獄). Thus the problem of overcrowded prisons as well as the problem of insufficient labour power in the mine were solved. Between 1883 and 1894, this prison provided an average of 720 prison miners a year, making up 80 percent of the total workforce.[7]

Table 1 : Prison Labour at the Hokutan Horonai Coal Mine[8]
YearPrisonersMinersYearPrisonersMinersYearPrisonersMiners
18832502281887791/18911.132/
18844002021888605/1892920/
1885//18896302761893874162
1886809/18901.0431831894± 500± 539

Privatisation

In 1889, the Meiji government sold off the mine and its railways to, Hori Motoi, who founded the Hokkaido Colliery and Railway Company (北海道炭礦鉄道会社 Hokkaidō Tankō Tetsudō Kaisha), abbreviated as Hokutan.[9] Due to the tensions with Russia, Japan nationalised its railways again in 1906, and the company name changed into the Hokkaidō Coal and Steamship Company. In 1913, after disappointing investments in its steel plant, in Muroran, the conglomerate Mitsui bought itself into the management of Hokutan.[10]

Along with the property, Hokutan also bought the rights for prison labor, so the miners mostly consisted of prisoners. It continued until 1894, when the Meiji government under the pressure of the public opinion led by Protestant prison director Ōinoue Terusaki (1848-1912), decided on the abolition of prison labour.[11] The prisoners were substituted by other forms of recruitment as that of subcontractors (飯場制度, hanbaseidō) and direct recruitment as well as a thorough mechanization. In 1938, the Tokiwakō (常磐坑), two inclined shafts were mined. Along these the coal was transported towards the coal preparation plant. In 1952, these shafts were equipped with conveyor belts. When in 1967, the Horonai mine merged with the Shin-Horonai mine (新幌内炭鉱, shin Horonai tankō), these belts transported coal from a depth of 520 meters, over a distance of 2.720 meters towards the plant. The merged Hokutan Horonai mine was equipped with two modern deep shafts and used drum cutters since 1968, which made it one of the most modern mines of Japan.[12]

Tabel 2 : The Shafts of the Hokutan Horonai Coal Mine
ExcavationClosureShaft NameTranslationShaft TypeOrigin
<1955<1965第一風井1st ventilation pitInclinedShin-Horonai
<1955<1967本御Main ShaftInclinedShin-Horonai
<1955<1967連御Auxiliary ShaftInclinedShin-Horonai
<1955<1975第二風井2nd ventilation pitInclinedShin-Horonai
<1955<1967第三風井3rd ventilation pitInclinedShin-Horonai
<1955<1967第三風井立坑3rd ventilation pitPitShin-Horonai
1882<1985瀧ノ沢抗TakinosawakōAditHoronai
1882<1985本沢抗HonsawakōAditHoronai
1879<1965音羽坑 (大抗道)Otowakō (Daikōdō)AditHoronai
1896<1965養老立坑Yōrō TatekōPitHoronai
1910<1985那智抗NachikōInclinedHoronai
1917<1985布引立坑Nunobiki TatekōPitHoronai
1917<1985布引立坑Nunobiki TatekōPitHoronai
1918<1985白糸抗ShiraitokōInclinedHoronai
19381989常磐坑 (本御)Tokiwakō (Main shaft)InclinedHoronai
19381989常磐坑 (連御)Tokiwakō (Secondary shaft)InclinedHoronai
19661989幌内立坑 (入気)Horonai Tatekõ (Ventilation Inlet)PitHoronai
19751989幌内立坑 (排気)Horonai Tatekõ (Ventilation Outlet)PitHoronai

Closure

In the 70's the Horonai mine faced several mine accidents, and thus became unprofitable. In November 1975, a gas explosion took 13 lives and caused an underground fire that had to be extinguished by pouring 4 billion liters of water into the mine. The extinguishing and subsequent repairs dragged on for two years and left the mine with a debt of 120 billion yen and on the verge of bankruptcy.

As a final attempt, the parent company was in 1978 split into the departments of Horonai, Sorachi, Mayachi and Yubari. These subsidiaries were accumulating losses and the bank of the parent company, Mitsui, was no longer willing to cover these losses.[13] Again, on November 27, 1977 another deadly gas explosion with more than 15 victims occurred in Horonai, and its financial situation worsened.[14] As a result, the local government had to buy up its properties, such as the mining community and its facilities, in order to finance its closure.[15][16]

Adaptive Reuse

Due to its difficult financial situation Hokutan could not even clean up its own properties. Ultimately, only the steel structures (excluding the Horonai shaft) have been erased, but the concrete structures remained standing in the landscape. The city of Mikasa built a railway museum on the access road to the mining site. However, this museum could not replace the income from the mining activities, and the city balanced on the verge of bankruptcy. These events forced the regional government of Sorachi to adjust its regeneration policy. So it proclaimed in 1998 the "Law for the Examination of Mining Heritage," (炭鉱の記憶調査事業, Tankō no Kioku Chōsa Jigyō) which supported the enhancement of regional material and immaterial heritage. In response to it, professor Hirotaka Yoshioka (吉岡宏高) promoted the valorisation of the mining heritage of Mikasa by organizing heritage walks at the site of the mine Horonai, which resulted in the establishment of the landscape park of the coal mine Horonai (幌内炭鉱景観公園, Horonai Tankō Keikan Kōen).[17]

References
  1. Hokkaido Colliery & Steamship Co
  2. Yoshioka Hirotaka　(吉岡宏高), Shoninsha no tame no tankõkōza (初任者のための炭鉱講座, Eng.: Mining Lecture for Beginners).
  3. Ann B. Irish, Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan's Northern Island, pp. 116-117.
  4. Kasuga Yutaka, Transfer and Development of Coal-Mine Technology in Hokkaido, pp. 11-20.
  5. L.C.E. Goujot had previously undertaken an effort to modernize the mine Kayanuma.
  6. Horonai Tetsudō kyōryō kenkyūkai, Nihon Saiko no Amerika Seitetsudōkyō, p. 1.
  7. Kasuga Yutaka, opere citato, pp. 25-26.
  8. Kasuga Yutaka, loco citato. p.26.
  9. Laura E. Hein, Feuling Growth, p.32.; Richard J. Samuels, Rich Nation, Strong Army, p.74.
  10. Kasuga Yutaka, opere citato, p. 52.
  11. Daniel V. Botsman, Punishment and Power in the Making of Modern Japan, pp. 191-193.
  12. Horonai Tankō Keikan Kōen.
  13. Suzanne Culter, Managing Decline, p. 103.
  14. Yoshioka Hirotaka, Shoninsha no Tame no Tankōkōza.
  15. Yoshioka Hirotaka, Interviewed by Tom Arents.
  16. Aoki Takao, Interviewed by Tom Arents.
  17. Yoshioka Hirotaka, Tankō isan de machizukuri, pp.79-80.

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