Hitobashira

Hitobashira (人柱 human pillar), practiced formerly in Japan, is a human sacrifice, buried alive under or near large-scale buildings like dams, bridges and castles, as a prayer to the gods so that the building is not destroyed by natural disasters such as floods or by enemy attacks. Hitobashira can also refer to workers who were buried alive under inhumane conditions.

History

Some of the earliest written records of hitobashira can be found in the Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of Japan). One story centered on Emperor Nintoku (323 A.D.) discusses the overflowing of the Kitakawa and Mamuta Rivers. Protection against the torrent was beyond the ability of the stricken populace. The Emperor had a divine revelation in his dream to the effect that there was a person named Kowakubi in the province of Musashi and a person called Koromono-ko in the province of Kawachi. If they should be sacrificed to deities of the two rivers respectively, then the construction of embankments would be easily achieved. Kowakubi was subsequently thrown into the torrent of the Kitakawa river, with a prayer offered to the deity of river. After the sacrifice the embankment was constructed, Koromono-ko however escaped being sacrificed.[1]

The Yasutomi-ki, a diary from the 15th century, documents the famous tradition of "Nagara-no Hitobashira". According to the tradition, a woman who was carrying a boy on her back was caught while she was passing along the river Nagara and was buried at the place where a large bridge was then to be built.[2] Hitobashira traditions were almost always practiced in conjunction with the building of complex, dangerous, often water-related projects, such as bridges. The stories of hitobashira were believed to inspire a spirit of self-sacrifice in people.[3]

Stories of hitobashira and other human sacrifices were common in Japan as late as the sixteenth century.[4]

Architectural examples

Maruoka Castle

The keep of Maruoka Castle

Maruoka Castle is one of the oldest surviving castles in Japan and is rumored to have been constructed with a human pillar which can be found in the legend of "O-shizu, Hitobashira".

When Shibata Katsutoyo, the nephew of Shibata Katsuie, was building a castle in Maruoka, the stone wall of the castle kept collapsing no matter how many times it was piled up. There was one vassal who suggested that they should make someone a human sacrifice (hitobashira). O-shizu, a one-eyed woman who had two children and lived a poor life, was selected as the Hitobashira. She resolved to become one on the condition that one of her children be made a samurai. She was buried under the central pillar of the castle keep. Soon after that the construction of the castle keep was successfully completed. But Katsutoyo was transferred to another province and her son was not made a samurai. Her spirit felt resentful and made the moat overflow with spring rain when the season of cutting algae came in April every year. People called it, "the rain caused by the tears of O-shizu's sorrow" and erected a small tomb to soothe her spirit. There was a poem handed down,"The rain which falls when the season of cutting algae comes Is the rain reminiscent of the tears of the poor O-shizu's sorrow".[5] It has been commented that the instability of the walls of Maruoka Castle was likely caused by the design of the castle. Although built in the Momoyama period (1575-1600) the design is more indicative of earlier fortresses, the steep base features random-style stone piling which is suggested as the source of instability in the walls which may have led to the use of a human pillar during its construction.[6]

Matsue Ohashi Bridge

Memorial at the foot of the Matsue Ohashi Bridge

The Matsue Ohashi Bridge according to legend used a human sacrifice in its construction. The nearby park is named Gensuke in honour of the human sacrifice along with a memorial dedicated to the victims who died during the bridge's construction.

When Horio Yoshiharu, the great general who became daimyō of Izumo in the Keichō era, first undertook to put a bridge over the mouth of this river, the builders laboured in vain; for there appeared to be no solid bottom for the pillars of the bridge to rest upon. Millions of great stones were cast into the river to no purpose, for the work constructed by day was swept away or swallowed up by night. Nevertheless, at last the bridge was built, but the pillars began to sink soon after it was finished; then a flood carried half of it away and as often as it was repaired so often it was wrecked. Then a human sacrifice was made to appease the vexed spirits of the flood. A man was buried alive in the river-bed below the place of the middle pillar, where the current is most treacherous, and thereafter the bridge remained immovable for three hundred years.[7] This victim was called Gensuke who had lived in the street of Saikamachi. It had been determined that the first man who should cross the bridge wearing a hakama without a machi (a stiff piece of material to keep the folds of the garment perpendicular and neat-looking) should be put under the bridge. Gensuke passed over the bridge without a machi in his hakama and was sacrificed. The middle-most pillar of the bridge was for three hundred years called by his name "Gensuke-bashira". Some believe the name Gensuke was not the name of a man but the name of an era, corrupted by local dialect. The legend is so profoundly believed, that when the new bridge was being built (c.1891) thousands of country folk were afraid to come to town; for rumours arose that a new victim was needed, who was to be chosen from among them.[8]

Matsue Castle

Matsue castle keep

According to legend the Matsue Castle is also said to have been constructed on a human sacrifice that was buried under the castle's stone walls. Her name has never been recorded, and nothing concerning her is remembered except that she is thought to have been a beautiful young maiden who was fond of dancing and is referred to as simply the maiden of Matsue.[9] After the castle was built, a law was passed forbidding any girl to dance in the streets of Matsue because the hill Oshiroyama[10] would shudder and the castle would shake from "top to bottom".[11]

Other examples

In Wanouchi, Gifu during the 1754 Horeki River Improvement Incident which involved the difficult and dangerous construction of river embankments, a local retainer voluntarily gave his life by remaining under the rushing water in order to keep a foundation pillar from moving until it could be secured from above. As well as aiding in the construction, this sacrifice was also treated as an offering to the gods ensuring the successful completing of the project (i.e., a hitobashira).

References

1. Tsuda, Noritake (1918). "Human Sacrifices in Japan". The Open Court. 1918 (12): 760–761.
2. Tsuda, Noritake (1918). "Human Sacrifices in Japan". The Open Court. 1918 (12): 763.
3. Tsuda, Noritake (1918). "Human Sacrifices in Japan". The Open Court. 1918 (12): 767.
4. Mitchelhill, Jennifer (2003). Castles of the Samurai : Power and Beauty (1st ed.). Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International. p. 8. ISBN 9784770029546.
5. Fukushima, Kazundo (2013-01-31). "The English Found on Signs in the Maruoka Castle Complex Containing the Castle Keep Designated an Important Cultural Property" (PDF). Information and Communication Studies. Tourism English. 48 (4): 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 01/11/2013. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
6. Mitchelhill, Jennifer Mitchelhill (2003). Castles of the Samurai : Power and Beauty (1st ed.). Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International. p. 57. ISBN 9784770029546.
7. Hearn, Lafcadio (2012-10-30). Unfamiliar Glimpses of Japan. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 142. ISBN 978-1480225565.
8. Hearn, Lafcadio (2012-10-30). Unfamiliar Glimpses of Japan. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 143. ISBN 978-1480225565.
9. Hearn, Lafacadio (2012-10-30). Unfamiliar Glimpses of Japan. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 156. ISBN 978-1480225565.
10. Hearn, Lafacadio (2012-10-30). Unfamiliar Glimpses of Japan. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 157. ISBN 978-1480225565.
11. Mitchelhill, Jennifer (2003). Castles of the Samurai : Power and Beauty (1st ed.). Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International. p. 17. ISBN 9784770029546.