Hilbert's eighteenth problem

Hilbert's eighteenth problem is one of the 23 Hilbert problems set out in a celebrated list compiled in 1900 by mathematician David Hilbert. It asks three separate questions about lattices and sphere packing in Euclidean space.[1]

Symmetry groups in dimensions

The first part of the problem asks whether there are only finitely many essentially different space groups in -dimensional Euclidean space. This was answered affirmatively by Bieberbach.

Anisohedral tiling in 3 dimensions

The second part of the problem asks whether there exists a polyhedron which tiles 3-dimensional Euclidean space but is not the fundamental region of any space group; that is, which tiles but does not admit an isohedral (tile-transitive) tiling. Such tiles are now known as anisohedral. In asking the problem in three dimensions, Hilbert was probably assuming that no such tile exists in two dimensions; this assumption later turned out to be incorrect.

The first such tile in three dimensions was found by Karl Reinhardt in 1928. The first example in two dimensions was found by Heesch in 1935.[2] The related einstein problem asks for a shape that can tile space but not with an infinite cyclic group of symmetries.

Sphere packing

The third part of the problem asks for the densest sphere packing or packing of other specified shapes. Although it expressly includes shapes other than spheres, it is generally taken as equivalent to the Kepler conjecture.

In 1998 American mathematician Thomas Callister Hales gave a computer-aided proof of the Kepler conjecture. It shows that the most space-efficient way to pack spheres is in a pyramid shape.[3]

gollark: NLTK doesn't actually seem to add much, unless it can treeize things.
gollark: I think I could technically get the desired behaviour if I move `make esolang` to negations, but æ.
gollark: I got it some years back when it was extremely cheap.
gollark: Idea: Esolangs Civilization V tournament?
gollark: I like how you're helping to create the instruments of your own demise.

References
  1. Milnor 1976.
  2. Edwards 2003.
  3. Hales 2005.
  • Edwards, Steve (2003), Heesch's Tiling, archived from the original on July 18, 2011
  • Hales, Thomas C. (2005), "A proof of the Kepler conjecture" (PDF), Annals of Mathematics, 162 (3): 1065–1185, arXiv:math/9811078, doi:10.4007/annals.2005.162.1065
  • Milnor, J. (1976), "Hilbert's problem 18", in Browder, Felix E. (ed.), Mathematical developments arising from Hilbert problems, Proceedings of symposia in pure mathematics, 28, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 0-8218-1428-1
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