Hermite's cotangent identity

In mathematics, Hermite's cotangent identity is a trigonometric identity discovered by Charles Hermite.[1] Suppose a₁, ..., a_n are complex numbers, no two of which differ by an integer multiple of $π$ . Let

A_{n,k}=\prod _{\begin{smallmatrix}1\leq j\leq n\\j\neq k\end{smallmatrix}}\cot(a_{k}-a_{j})

(in particular, A_1,1, being an empty product, is 1). Then

\cot(z-a_{1})\cdots \cot(z-a_{n})=\cos {\frac {n\pi }{2}}+\sum _{k=1}^{n}A_{n,k}\cot(z-a_{k}).

The simplest non-trivial example is the case n = 2:

\cot(z-a_{1})\cot(z-a_{2})=-1+\cot(a_{1}-a_{2})\cot(z-a_{1})+\cot(a_{2}-a_{1})\cot(z-a_{2}).\,

Notes and references

Warren P. Johnson, "Trigonometric Identities à la Hermite", American Mathematical Monthly, volume 117, number 4, April 2010, pages 311–327

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[1] Warren P. Johnson, "Trigonometric Identities à la Hermite", American Mathematical Monthly, volume 117, number 4, April 2010, pages 311–327