Hermann von Hanneken (soldier)

Hermann Konstantin Albert Julius von Hanneken (5 January 1890 – 22 July 1981) was a German General of the Infantry who was supreme commander of the German forces in Denmark from 29 September 1942 to January 1945.

Hermann von Hanneken
von Hanneken in 1942
Born(1890-01-05)5 January 1890
Gotha, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Died22 July 1981(1981-07-22) (aged 91)
Herford, Nordrhein-Westfalen
Allegiance German Empire (to 1918)
 Weimar Republic (to 1933)
 Nazi Germany
Service/branchArmy
Years of service1908–45
RankGeneral of the Infantry
Commands held Wehrmachtbefehlshaber
Battles/warsWars:

Campaigns:

    Operations:

    Battles:

      AwardsKnight's Cross of War Merit Cross with Swords
      Knight of Honor of the Order of Saint John
      German Cross in Gold
      Iron Cross 1st Class with Clasp
      Wound Badge in Black

      Early career

      In 1908 after training in cadet school von Hanneken joined the army as a Fähnrich. A year later he was promoted to Leutnant. In April 1917 he was transferred to the General Staff, and the year after he was promoted to Hauptmann.

      World War I

      In 1915 von Hanneken became Oberleutnant and aide to a regiment in World War I. In July 1916 von Hanneken was transferred to the 260th Reserve-Infantry-Regiment, where he served as leader of the Machine Gun-Company.

      Interbellum

      After the war von Hanneken was in 1919 among the officers who joined the German Reichswehr. Then he took a job in Reichswehr Ministry where he was the next year. Then from 1924 to 1927 he was transferred to Reichwaffenamt (materiel command). From 1927 he led troops as a company commander, and it continued until in 1930 when he was promoted to Major. Three years later he was again promoted to Oberstleutnant. From 1935 he had command of a regiment and was thus promoted to Oberst.

      A year later, in 1936, he was transferred to Heereswaffenamt (materiel command), where he became Chief of Staff. On 3 July 1937, he became responsible for the purchase of iron and steel. On 1 September 1939 he was appointed Head of Section II (Industrial) in the ministry of commercial. In 1940 he received the position as vice Secretary of State. That same year he was promoted to Generalleutnant and in 1941 he was General der Infanterie.

      World War II

      After the outbreak of World War II a supply crisis in the iron and steel division caused him problems, and only Hans Kehrl could save him. Delivery time had increased dramatically because over a period of two years von Hanneken had approved supplies that exceeded the amount of iron and steel that could be delivered. Hans Kehrl said nothing about this in its public records, but his caseworker Arnold Köster did in return. Kehrl wrote in his memoirs that von Hanneken was not sufficiently decisive and was afraid of conflict.

      von Hanneken was also responsible for addressing the issues of coal to the steel industry. So on 6 June 1941 he raised at the 11th meeting in Generalrat der Wirtschaft the problem that the demand for coal in the last four years had risen faster than supply. The European countries which were dependent on German coal only got 60% of the claimed amounts. From April 1941 domestic coal consumers had to accept a reduction of supplies of around 10%. This led to many closures of companies or reduction of operations. Domestic energy suppliers had to accept a reduction in coal consumption of 20%.

      In March / April 1942 von Hanneken was denied responsibility for the distribution of iron and steel, which were transferred to the so-called central planning. As a result of further changes in the tasks of Section II largely transferred to other bodies so Hanneken went on holiday in August 1942 and left Section II in October.

      On 12 October 1942 he took over the duties of Erich Lüdke as commander of the German forces in Denmark. He was responsible for defending the invasion and took a tougher line against the Danish resistance movement, which brought him into conflict with Werner Best.

      On 29 August 1943 von Hanneken imposed martial law in Denmark. It was the result of growing unrest, strikes and sabotage in the months before. Simultaneously, the Danish army and navy were dissolved and their personnel interned. von Hanneke was made aware of but was not otherwise involved in the action against the Danish Jews in early October 1943 led by Günther Pancke. On 19 September 1944 he backtracked over the dissolution of the Danish police.

      In January 1945 he was released from his command and replaced by Georg Lindemann. He was accused of corruption and by the German National-martial sentenced 8 years imprisonment. He was, however, pardoned by Adolf Hitler, who thought that they could not afford the luxury of letting von Hanneken sit in jail. Instead, von Hanneken was demoted to Major and sent to the front. At the end of the war he became an American prisoner. From there, he was extradited to Denmark, where in 1948 he was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment.

      At the Court he was acquitted on 9 May 1949. He was expelled from Denmark and lived thereafter retracted until his death in 1981.

      Decorations and awards

      Footnotes
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        gollark: No, that was tronzoid's offhand comment.
        gollark: The violent ones, sure, we should stop them being violent, or punish them for it.
        gollark: <@267332760048238593> They're not actually *doing* much.
        gollark: Because internet.

        References
        • "von Hanneken, Hermann Konstantin Albert Julius" (in German). lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
        • "von Hanneken". generals.dk. Retrieved 2009-05-13.
        • Kehrl, Hans (1973). Krisenmanager im Dritten Reich (in German). Düsseldorf.
        • Klee, Ernst (2003). Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich (in German). Frankfurt/Main.
        • Michaelis, Herbert; et al. (1979). Ursachen und Folgen – Vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 und 1945 bis zur staatichen Neuordnung Deutschlands in der Gegenwart (in German). Berlin.
        • Riedel, Hans (1973). Eisen und Kohle für das Dritte Reich – Paul Pleiger in der NS-Wirtschaft (in German). Frankfurt/Main.
        • Drostrup, Ole (1997). Den hæmmede kriger – et portræt af general von Hanneken (in Danish). Odense.
        • Mouritzsen, Dan (2003). Gefechtsstand Silkeborg Bad (in Danish). Silkeborg.
        Military offices
        Preceded by
        Erich Lüdke        		 Wehrmachtbefehlshaber of Denmark
        29 September 1942 – 27 January 1945        		 Succeeded by
        Georg Lindemann
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