Henry Hawley

Lieutenant General Henry Hawley (c. 12 January 1685 – 24 March 1759) was a British army officer who served in the wars of the first half of the 18th century. He fought in a number of significant battles, including Dettingen in 1743 and Fontenoy in 1745.

For others of this name, see Hawley baronets and Henry Hawley (governor).

General Henry Hawley
Henry Hawley
Born	12 January 1685 (baptised) Westminster, London
Died	24 March 1759 West Green House, Hampshire
Buried	St Mary's Church, Hartley Wintney
Allegiance	Great Britain
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1702-1748
Rank	Lieutenant General
Unit	Colonel, 4th, later Royal Regiment of Dragoons 1740–1759
Commands held	C-in-C Scotland December 1745-July 1746 Governor of Inverness 1748–1752 Governor of Portsmouth 1752–1759
Battles/wars	War of the Spanish Succession Almansa 1707 1715 Jacobite Rising Sheriffmuir War of the Quadruple Alliance Capture of Vigo 1719 War of the Austrian Succession Dettingen 1743 Fontenoy 1745 Lauffeld Jacobite rising of 1745 Clifton Moor Falkirk Muir Culloden
Awards	Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath
Relations	Thomas Erle 1650-1720 (uncle) Francis, 2nd Baron Hawley (1673-1743) (cousin)

During the Jacobite rising of 1745, he was recalled to Britain, appointed military commander in Scotland and in January 1746, defeated at Falkirk Muir. He commanded the government cavalry under Cumberland at Culloden in April, a victory that ended the Rising.

He returned to Flanders in July and in 1748 was appointed Governor of Inverness; in 1752, he became Governor of Portsmouth, near his home in Hartley Wintney, where he died in March 1759.

Although Hawley was a courageous and capable commander of cavalry, he was also a strict disciplinarian, referred to by contemporaries as 'Hangman Hawley' or 'Lord Chief Justice.'[1] While this referred to his disciplinary methods, there is evidence he bears some responsibility for the killing of Jacobite wounded after Culloden.

Life

West Green House, built by Hawley in 1720, using profits from the capture of Vigo

Henry Hawley (1685-1759) was born in Westminster, London and baptised on 12 January 1685 at St Martin-in-the-Fields. His father Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Hawley (1653-1692) was related to the Hawley baronets and married Judith Hughes (1659-1735) in 1684. They had four children, Henry, Edward (ca 1686-after 1724), Anne (ca 1690-after 1762) and an unknown son who died young.[2]

Walter Scott's suggestion Henry was an illegitimate son of George II (1683-1760) has been dismissed by historians. If true, George would have fathered him at the age of two, thirty years before his first visit to England.[3][4]

Francis was killed at the August 1692 Battle of Steenkerque, leaving his family penniless. In 1694, his half-brother Thomas Erle (1650-1720) made Henry an ensign in his regiment, despite being only nine years old.[5] Commissions were then considered private assets, that could be used as an investment or to provide an income; their award to children was later discouraged, but drawing pay and delegating duties to a substitute remained a common practice.[6] His brother Edward also received a commission and his mother was given a pension.[7]

Hawley never married but had a long-term relationship with Elizabeth Toovey, mentioned in his will as being 'for many years my friend, companion, and often my careful nurse.' Her second son Captain William Toovey became his heir and took Hawley's name after his death in March 1759; it is suggested he may have been Hawley's son.[8]

Career

Hawley fought in the 1707 Battle of Almanza, an Allied defeat

Francis Hawley had been Lieutenant-Colonel of the 4th Dragoons, known until 1689 as Queen Anne of Denmark's Regiment and commanded by Anne's husband, Prince George of Denmark.[9] Henry was appointed page or attendant to their son, William of Gloucester, 1689-1700; when the War of Spanish Succession began in 1702, he was commissioned into Temple's Regiment but in September 1704, Prince George arranged that this be exchanged for one in the Royal Horse Guards.[10]

In May 1706, Hawley became a captain in his father's old regiment, and accompanied his uncle Thomas Erle to Spain, where he fought in the 1707 Battle of Almanza. This was a decisive Bourbon victory, where most of the British infantry was taken prisoner but Hawley and the cavalry escaped. In April 1708, he returned to England with Erle, who had been selected by Marlborough to lead an expeditionary force that would land on the French coast and capture Abbeville. This plan was vetoed by the Dutch Republic; Erle retired from active service and in 1709, Hawley returned to his regiment in Scotland.[11]

In 1710, Hawley quarrelled with a fellow officer and killed him in a duel, a common practice in this period, the most notorious example being the 1712 Hamilton–Mohun affair. He was pardoned by Queen Anne, who also helped him purchase a commission as lieutenant-colonel in 1712.[12] In August 1714, George I succeeded Anne as monarch; during the 1715 Jacobite Rising, both Hawley and his younger brother Edward, who was a Captain-Lieutenant in the same regiment, fought at Sheriffmuir.[13]

Fontenoy, 1745; a British defeat, Hawley's handling of the cavalry ensured an orderly retreat

In 1717, Hawley became Colonel of the 33rd Foot; during the War of the Quadruple Alliance in 1719, his regiment was part of the expeditionary force that captured the Spanish port of Vigo. The booty taken was immense and the expedition extremely profitable for senior officers like Hawley; in 1720, he purchased an estate near Hartley Whitney where he built West Green House, now owned by the National Trust.[14]

Britain was at peace for the next 20 years; in 1730, Hawley became Colonel of 13th Dragoons and promoted major general in 1739. The next year, he returned to the 4th Dragoons as Colonel, which he retained until his death in 1759. At the beginning of the War of the Austrian Succession in 1741, he was offered command of British land forces sent to capture Cartagena de Indias in the West Indies but turned it down. Why he did so is unclear, although it was a notoriously unhealthy posting; the expedition ended in failure, with over 9,000 deaths from yellow fever.[15]

Instead, he served in Flanders as deputy to Sir John Cope, commander of the cavalry reserve at the victory of Dettingen in June 1743. In December, Cope was appointed military commander in Scotland and Hawley made second-in-command of the cavalry under Cumberland. At Fontenoy in April 1745, the British cavalry was a spectator for most of the battle; after Hawley took over command from Cumberland, his handling of the cavalry enabled the Allied infantry to retreat in good order. Fontenoy was a defeat but enhanced his reputation.[16]

1745 Jacobite Rising

Falkirk Muir, January 1746

The 1745 Rising began in July when Charles Stuart landed in Scotland; in September, he defeated Sir John Cope at Prestonpans. The Jacobite army then invaded England, reaching Derby on 4 December before retreating into Scotland due to lack of English or French support. Hawley was among the troops that returned to Britain and was present at the Clifton Moor skirmish on 18 December; two days later, he was appointed commander-in-chief in Scotland.

The immediate objective was to secure Lowland Scotland and on 6 January Hawley arrived in Edinburgh; he had about 8,000 troops available locally, plus 2,000 militia with the Earl of Loudoun near Inverness. The Jacobites were besieging Stirling Castle and on 13 January, he ordered 4,000 troops under John Huske (1692-1761) to move towards its relief. Hawley's previous experience at Sheriffmuir in 1715 led him to overestimate the vulnerability of Highland infantry to cavalry while he seriously underestimated their fighting qualities.[17]

Hawley's aide at Culloden, James Wolfe (1727-1759); allegedly ordered by him to shoot Jacobite wounded after the battle

This overconfidence contributed to his defeat at Falkirk Muir on 17 January, which started late in the afternoon in poor light and heavy snow and was marked by confusion on both sides. Hawley's artillery became stuck in the mud and were abandoned by their gunners, while his dragoons charged the Jacobite right. They were repulsed in disorder, scattering their own infantry but his right under Huske held its ground, retrieved the artillery and withdrew in good order, helped when the Highlanders stopped to loot the baggage train.[18]

Neither he or Cumberland viewed Falkirk as a serious defeat but a high proportion of government casualties were officers abandoned by their men. Unlike Prestopans, many were experienced veterans and a number of soldiers were court-martialled, several of whom were executed.[19] The artillery commander, Captain Archibald Cunningham, described as a 'sot' or drunkard, abandoned his guns and fled using the transport horses.[20] Shortly before his court-martial, he committed suicide 'by opening the arteries of his arms.'[21]

Unlike Cope, Hawley never faced a court-martial for Falkirk, although the writer Horace Walpole (1717-1792) argued he was 'fifty times more culpable, since Cope miscarried by incapacity, Hawley by insolence and carelessness.'[22] Failure to achieve a decisive victory led to recriminations among the Jacobite leadership and further damaged the strained relationship between Charles and his Scottish officers.[23]

Hawley led a cavalry unit at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April, which lasted less than an hour and ended in a decisive government victory. Jacobite losses were estimated as between 1,200 and 1,500 dead, many of whom were killed during the pursuit that followed; this was a standard part of any 18th-century battle, and troops that held together, such as the French regulars, were far less vulnerable than those who scattered like the Highlanders.[24] Many of the Jacobite wounded left on the battlefield were also killed, an act author and historian John Prebble refers to as 'symptomatic of the army's general mood and behaviour.'[25]

James Wolfe (1727–1759), his aide-de-camp at Culloden, features in an anecdote where he refused an order to shoot a wounded Highland officer, the person giving the order variously named as Cumberland or Hawley.[26] There is certainly evidence such killings took place and Hawley was one of those who gave orders to that effect; whether Wolfe was either given or refused such orders is less clear;.[27] Author and historian John Prebble refers to the killings as 'symptomatic of the army's general mood and behaviour.'[28]

When conducting punitive raids after Culloden, Wolfe wrote to a colleague 'as few Highlanders are made prisoner as possible.'[29] He was also critical of many senior officers; in 1755, he claimed the troops dread (Hawley's) severity, hate the man and hold his military knowledge in contempt and described Humphrey Bland as not so well-bred and polite as might be wished.[30]

Post-1745 and Legacy

Hawley was buried here in 1759

In July 1745, the Earl of Albemarle took over as commander in Scotland and Hawley returned to Flanders with Cumberland, where he remained until the end of the War of the Austrian Succession. He took part in the 1747 Battle of Lauffeld, a decisive French victory where only cavalry charges led by Lord Ligonier saved the Allied infantry from annihilation.

This ended Hawley's active military career, although he remained colonel of the 4th Dragoons until his death; in 1748, he was appointed Governor of Inverness, a post which required little service. In 1752, he was made Governor of Portsmouth, near his home in West Green End, where he died in March 1759.

He was buried in St Mary's Church, Hartley Wintney despite his will containing several comments antipathetic to religion, notably 'I hate priests of all professions.'[31] He left £5,000 to his sister Anne and a life interest in his properties to Elizabeth Toovey. On her death, these passed to her second son, Captain William Toovey, who took Hawley's name and whose descendants owned West Green End until 1898.

References

1. Massie, Alistair (2004). Hawley, Henry. Oxford DNB Online. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12696.
2. Dalton, Charles (1904). English army lists and commission registers, 1661-1714 Volume IV. Eyre & Spottiswood. p. 295.
3. Dalton, p. 296
4. Anthony Camp, Royal Mistresses and Bastards, Fact and Fiction, 1714-1936 (2007) pages 2-3.
5. Dalton, Volume IV p. xiii
6. Guy, Alan (1985). Economy and Discipline: Officership and the British Army, 1714–63. Manchester University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-7190-1099-6.
7. Shaw (ed), AW (1934). Warrants etc.: January 1699, 16-31in Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 14, 1698-1699. HMSO. pp. 240–259. Retrieved 12 March 2019.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
8. Massie, Alistair (2004). Hawley, Henry. Oxford DNB Online. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12696.
9. Dalton, Volume IV p. 295
10. Massie, Oxford DNB Online
11. Massie, Oxford DNB Online
12. Massie, Oxford DNB Online
13. Reid, Stuart (2014). Sheriffmuir 1715. Frontline Books. p. 172. ISBN 978-1848327320.
14. "Historic Buildings; West Green House & Gardens". Hartley Wintney. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
15. Harbron, John D (2004). Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy The Spanish Experience of Sea Power. Conway Maritime Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0851774770.
16. Black, Jeremy (1998). Britain As A Military Power, 1688-1815. Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 978-1857287721.
17. Royle, Trevor (2016). Culloden; Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire. Little, Brown. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1408704011.
18. Historic Environment Scotland. "Battle of Falkirk II (BTL9)". Retrieved 12 April 2019.
19. Riding, pp. 348-349
20. Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2018). The Killing Game: A Thousand Years of Warfare in Twenty Battles. History Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0750983488.
21. SP 54/27/35 Hawley to Cumberland 20 January November 1746
22. Riding, p. 472
23. Chambers, Robert (2018) [1827]. History of the Rebellion of 1745–6. Forgotten Books. pp. 353–354.
24. Riding, p. 427
25. Prebble, John (1963). Culloden (2002 ed.). Pimlico. p. 203. ISBN 978-0712668200.
26. Baker-Smith, Veronica (2008). Royal Discord: The Family of George II (2010 ed.). Athena Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-1847489296.
27. Royle, p. 99
28. Prebble, John (1963). Culloden (2002 ed.). Pimlico. p. 203. ISBN 978-0712668200.
29. Royle, p.119
30. Houlding, JA (2008). Bland, Humphrey (1685/6–1763) (Online ed.). Oxford DNB. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2607.
31. Massie, Oxford DNB Online

Sources

• Baker-Smith, Veronica (2008). Royal Discord: The Family of George II. Athena Press. ISBN 978-1847489296.
• Black, Jeremy (1998). Britain As A Military Power, 1688-1815. Routledge. ISBN 978-1857287721.
• Chambers, Robert (2018) [1827]. History of the Rebellion of 1745–6. Forgotten Books.
• Dalton, Charles (1904). English army lists and commission registers, 1661-1714 Volume IV. Eyre & Spottiswood.
• Guy, Alan (1985). Economy and Discipline: Officership and the British Army, 1714–63. Manchester University Press.
• Massie, Alistair (2004). Hawley, Henry. Oxford DNB Online.
• Prebble, John (1963). Culloden (2002 ed.). Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712668200.
• Reid, Stuart (2014). Sheriffmuir 1715. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1848327320.
• Riding, Jacqueline (2016). Jacobites: A New History of the 45 Rebellion. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1408819128.
• Royle, Trevor (2016). Culloden; Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1408704011.
• Shaw (ed), AW (1934). Warrants etc.: January 1699, 16-31in Calendar of Treasury Books, Volume 14, 1698-1699. HMSO.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
• Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2018). The Killing Game: A Thousand Years of Warfare in Twenty Battles. History Press. ISBN 978-0750983488.

Military offices
Preceded by George Wade	Colonel, 33rd Foot 1717–1730	Succeeded by Robert Dalzell
Preceded by Lord Harrington	Colonel, 13th Dragoons 1730–1740	Succeeded by Robert Dalway
Preceded by 2nd Duke of Marlborough	Colonel, 4th, later Royal Regiment of Dragoons 1740–1759	Succeeded by Henry Conway
Preceded by Roger Handasyd	Commander-in-Chief, Scotland December 1745–July 1746	Succeeded by 2nd Earl of Albemarle
Preceded by George Wade	Governor of Inverness 1748–1752	Succeeded by Sir Charles Howard
Preceded by Philip Honywood	Governor of Portsmouth 1752–1759	Succeeded by Lord Tyrawley