Henrietta Wood
Henrietta Wood (c. 1819 – 1912) was an American enslaved woman who won the largest verdict ever awarded for slavery reparations in the United States. Born as a slave in Kentucky, but freed as an adult, Wood was later kidnapped and sold back into slavery. After the American Civil War, Wood successfully sued her kidnapper and won financial damages.
Henrietta Wood | |
|---|---|
| Born | Between 1818 and 1820 Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | 1912 Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Known for | Largest verdict awarded for slavery reparations in the United States |
| Children | 1 son |
Biography
Wood was born into slavery with the Tousey family in northern Kentucky sometime between 1818 and 1820. As a teenager, she was sold in Louisville to French immigrant William Cirode, who took her to New Orleans. After Cirode returned to France, his wife, Jane Cirode, brought Wood to Ohio, a free state. Jane Cirode registered Wood as free in 1848. In the following years a free woman, Wood was a domestic worker in the Cincinnati area.[1]
In 1853, William Cirode's daughter and son-in-law, Josephine and Robert White, wanted to profit by recapturing Wood. They hired Zebulon Ward, a deputy sheriff in Covington, Kentucky, to kidnap Wood and sell her. Ward conspired with Wood's employer to bring Wood to the Kentucky side of the Ohio River, where they captured her. Wood resisted by persuading an innkeeper to file a lawsuit on her behalf. The lawsuit took two years, but was unsuccessful because it was not possible to produce papers in Kentucky proving that Wood was free.[1][2]
With the lawsuit over, Wood was taken in 1855 to Natchez, Mississippi, where she was sold to Gerard Brandon, the son of the former Mississippi governor of the same name. Wood worked in cruel conditions in the cotton fields and in the home on Brandon's plantations, and gave birth to her son, Arthur. At the end of the Civil War, when the Union Army arrived to liberate slaves in the area, Brandon marched his slaves to Texas to escape. Wood remained enslaved to him until 1869, when she was finally freed and returned to the Cincinnati area.[1]
Reparations trial
In 1870, Wood began the litigation process to sue Zebulon Ward in federal court in Cincinnati. The trial, Wood v. Ward, took place in 1878, presided over by Judge Philip Swing. Wood and her lawyer, Harvey Myers, asked for $20,000 in restitution, and the jury awarded her $2,500. The amount is equal to $65,000 in 2019 dollars, and remains the largest award ever given for slavery reparations.[1][3]
Later life and legacy
Following the trial, Wood moved to Chicago to be with her son, Arthur H. Simms. She used the restitution to help pay for him to attend Union College of Law, now Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law.[1]
Wood's successful trial did not begin a trend of similar reparations cases, and though it received national press coverage at the time, was largely forgotten in the following years.[2] In 2019, W. Caleb McDaniel, a professor of history at Rice University, used court records and archives to research and publish a book about Wood's life called Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution.[3] The book was awarded the 2020 Pulitzer Prize for history.[4]
References
- McDaniel, W. Caleb. "In 1870, Henrietta Wood Sued for Reparations—and Won". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
- "15 Unsung Moments From American History That Historians Say You Should Know About". Time. 2019-06-28. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
- Bordewich, Fergus M. "'Sweet Taste of Liberty' Review: Reparation By Lawsuit". WSJ. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
- Castillo, Rafael (2020-06-05). "Commentary: A reading list for this pandemic summer". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
Further reading
- McDaniel, W. Caleb. (2019). Sweet Taste of Liberty: A True Story of Slavery and Restitution. New York: Oxford University Press. LCCN 2018047090.