Helen Maria Williams

Helen Maria Williams (17 June 1759/62 – 15 December 1827[1]) was a British novelist, poet, and translator of French-language works. A religious dissenter, she was a supporter of abolitionism and of the ideals of the French Revolution; she was imprisoned in Paris during the Reign of Terror, but nonetheless spent much of the rest of her life in France.

Helen Maria Williams, 1816

A controversial figure in her own time, the young Williams was favourably portrayed in a 1787 poem by William Wordsworth,[2] but (especially at the height of the French Revolution) she was portrayed by other writers as irresponsibly politically radical and even as sexually wanton.

Early years and education

She was born on 17 June 1759, or 1762,[3][4] in London to a Scottish mother, Helen Hay, and a Welsh army officer father, Charles Williams. Her father died when she was eight; the remnant of the family moved to Berwick-upon-Tweed, where she had what she herself would describe in the preface to a 1786 book of poems as "a confined education".[5]

Career

In 1781, she moved to London and met Andrew Kippis, who would have great influence on her literary career and political views and brought her into contact with the leading London intellectuals of her time.

Her 1786 Poems touch on topics ranging from religion to a critique of Spanish colonial practices. She allied herself with the cult of feminine sensibility, deploying it politically in opposition to war ("Ode on the Peace", a 1786 poem about Peru) and slavery (the abolitionist "Poem on the Bill Lately Passed for Regulating the Slave Trade", 1788).

In the context of the Revolution Controversy, she came down on the side of the revolutionaries in her 1790 novel Julia and defied convention by travelling alone to revolutionary France, where she was hosted by Mme. Du Fossé, who had earlier, in London, given her lessons in French. Her letters from France marked a turn from being primarily a writer of poetry to one of prose. She enthusiastically attended the Fête de la Fédération on the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille and returning briefly to London in 1791 was a staunch, though not completely uncritical, defender of the Revolution. Returning to France in July 1791, she published a poem "A Farewell for two Years to England"; in fact she briefly visited England again in 1792, but only to persuade her mother and her sisters, Cecilia and Persis, to join her in France just as the country was moving toward the more violent phases of its revolution.

After the September Massacres of 1792, she allied herself with the Girondists; as a saloniere, she also hosted Mary Wollstonecraft, Francisco de Miranda and Thomas Paine. After the violent downfall of the Gironde and the rise of the Reign of Terror, she and her family were thrown into the Luxembourg prison where she was allowed to continue working on translations of French-language works into English, including what would prove to be a popular translation of Bernardin St. Pierre's novel Paul et Virginie, to which she appended her own prison sonnets. Upon her release, she travelled with John Hurford Stone to Switzerland. She was harshly criticised for this since Stone, separated from an unfaithful wife, was still legally a married man; the subsequent history of Williams and Stone's relationship only tended to confirm the rumours. Nonetheless, her few poems from this period continue to express Dissenting piety and were published in volumes with those of other religiously like-minded poets. In 1798, she published A Tour in Switzerland, which included an account of her travels, political commentary, and the poem "A Hymn Written Amongst the Alps".

Williams' grave

Williams' 1801 Sketches of the State of Manners and Opinions in the French Republic showed a continued attachment to the original ideals of the French Revolution but a growing disenchantment with the rise of Napoleon; as emperor, he would declare her ode "The Peace signed between the French and the English" (also known as the "Ode on the Peace of Amiens") to be treasonable to France. Nonetheless, he proved to be, in this respect, more lenient than the revolutionary government had been to this now-famous international literary figure: she spent a single day in prison and continued to live and write in Paris. After the Bourbon Restoration, she became a naturalised French citizen in 1818; nonetheless, in 1819 she moved to Amsterdam to live with a nephew she had helped raise. However, she was unhappy in Amsterdam and soon returned to Paris, where, until her death in 1827, she continued to be an important interpreter of French intellectual currents for the English-speaking world.

Selected works

Williams' works consist of poetry, novels, volumes of letters, and translations. The lines are not always clear, as she might include an original poem in the preface of another work, even in a translation of someone else's work.

Poetry
Title page of Poems on Various Subjects: With Introductory Remarks on the Present State of Science and Literature in France by Helen Maria Williams (London: Whittaker, 1823)
  • Edwin and Eltruda. A legendary tale, 1782, her first published work
  • An Ode on the Peace, 1783, celebrated the end of the American Revolution
  • Peru, A Poem. In Six Cantos, 1784, an epic poem that critiques European colonialism
  • Paula R. Feldman (ed.) Peru and Peruvian Tales. Broadview Press (8 December 2014), ISBN 1-55481-128-7.
  • Poems, 1786
  • A Poem on the Bill Lately Passed for Regulating the Slave Trade, 1788
  • The Bastille. A Vision., 1790
  • Poems on various Subjects, 1823

Novels
  • Julia, 1790

Letters
  • Fruchtman, Jack, Jr. (ed.) An Eye-Witness Account of the French Revolution by Helen Maria Williams: Letters Containing a Sketch of the Politics of France (Age of Revolution and Romanticism, Vol 19). Peter Lang Publishing (1 March 1997), ISBN 0-8204-3120-6.
  • Fraistat, Neil and Lanser, Susan S. (eds.) Letters Written in France: In the Summer 1790, to a Friend in England; Containing Various Anecdotes Relative to the French Revolution Broadview Press (1 August 2001), ISBN 1-55111-255-8.
  • Williams, Helen Maria, Letters Written in France: 1790 (Revolution and Romanticism, 1789–1834). Woodstock Books (1 December 1989), ISBN 1-85477-001-2.
  • Williams, Helen Maria, A Narrative of the Events Which Have Taken Place in France, from the Landing of Napoleon Bonaparte ... Till the Restoration of Louis XVIII ..., 1815
  • Williams, Helen Maria, Letters on Events which have passed in France since the Restoration in 1815, published 1819

Other non-fiction
  • Letters on the French Revolution,1791
  • Vincent, Patrick and Florence Widmer-Schnyder (eds.) A Tour in Switzerland (1798) (Travaux sur la Suisse des Lumières, IV), Geneva: Slatkine, 2011. ISBN 978-2-05-102265-1

Translations
  • Paul and Virginia by Bernardin de Saint Pierre.
  • The political and confidential correspondence of Lewis XVI with observations on each letter. London and New York, 1803.
  • Williams also translated (from French to English) several works of Alexander von Humboldt, who was German but wrote in French.
    • Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of the New continent during the years 1799–1804, by Alexander de Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland; with maps, plans, etc. Longman, Hurst, Rees, etc., London 1814–1829
    • Researches concerning the institutions & monuments of the ancient inhabitants of America, with descriptions & views of some of the most striking scenes in the Cordilleras! Longman, Hurst, Rees, etc., London 1814
gollark: But these are big and not aesthetic.
gollark: Nobody was using it anyway.
gollark: Better idea: use fully automated factories to disassemble the Moon into monitors. Throw away actual ones with no repercussions!
gollark: BETTER business idea: furniture composed entirely of big Lego or magnetic cubes or something.
gollark: Position a trampoline below the window.

References
  1. Author and Book Info.com
  2. William Wordsworth, Sonnet on Seeing Helen Maria Williams Weep at a Tale of Distress
  3. "Helen Maria Williams - English writer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  4. "Helen Maria Williams (1762–1827)". Oxford University Press. 19 April 2012. doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199743483.001.0001/acprof-9780199743483-chapter-54. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  5. Archived 14 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine

Further reading
  • Blakemore, Steven, Crisis in Representation: Thomas Paine, Mary Wollstonecraft, Helen Maria Williams, and the Rewriting of the French Revolution. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press (1 June 1997), ISBN 0-8386-3714-0.
  • Kennedy, Deborah, Helen Maria Williams and the Age of Revolution. Bucknell University Press (June 2002). ISBN 0-8387-5511-9.
  • Woodward, Lionel. Une Anglaise , amie de la révolution française: Hélène Maria Williams et ses amis. Paris: Honoré Champion, 1930.
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