Hans Georg Calmeyer

Hans Georg Calmeyer (German: [hans ˈɡeː.ɔʁk ˈkalˌmaɪ̯.ɐ] (listen); 23 June 1903 – 3 September 1972) was a German lawyer from Osnabrück who allegedly saved thousands of Jews from certain death during the German occupation of the Netherlands from 1941 until 1945. On 4 March 1992 Yad Vashem recognized Hans Calmeyer as Righteous Among the Nations.[1] As of 2020, historians at Yad Vashem are presently looking into newly uncovered evidence suggesting that Calmeyer also helped send more than 500 people directly into death camps during the Dutch occupation.[2][3]

Hans Georg Calmeyer

Early life

Calmeyer studied Law in Freiburg, Marburg and Munich. In 1923, as a member of the Reichswehr, he took part in Hitler’s attempted Putsch. Later, he opened his law practice in Osnabrück where he enjoyed an excellent reputation as a lawyer.

In 1933, his license to practice law was revoked because of his activity and leaning towards Communist lines of thought. Ten months later, his license was reinstated. He was a member of the Federation of the National Socialist German Lawyers, but not the Nazi party.

Nazi occupation

In 1940, Calmeyer, serving as a soldier and a member of an aerial defense intelligence unit, took part in the invasion of the Netherlands by the German Army. In 1941, he was active in the Reichs Commissioner's Office (Reichskommissariat), which was in charge of all occupied districts in the Netherlands. While there, Calmeyer was appointed Director for the Interior Administration, which also handled 'Jewish affairs', thus enabling Calmeyer, as an administrative lawyer, to clear "racially ambiguous" Jewish cases for the German occupational administration in The Hague.

Unlike policy in Germany, people of Jewish descent could rebut being registered as "full blooded Jews" by documenting and proving ancestry through word of mouth and birth certificates to qualify as "half-Jewish", "quarter-Jewish", or of Aryan descent. Calmeyer described in his own words, how he used his position: "To build a lifeboat." He accepted falsified papers of ancestry which documented the subject person as Aryan or "half-Jewish". He also managed to offer hints and advice on various stratagems and excuses. Despite warnings from the Nazi regime, he persisted in his work.[4]

Approximately 5,660 individuals submitted a request and were designated as doubtful cases through Calmeyer’s office. Of them at least 3,700 were spared deportation and certain death. Yet the decisions on "dubious cases" concerning the remaining about 1,960 individuals were the equivalent of a death sentence: they shared the fate of 107,000 out of the 140,000 Jews living in the Netherlands, who were transported by the Germans to various concentration camps for extermination, most notably Auschwitz-Birkenau and Sobibor. Only approximately 5,200 people survived the deportation to these camps.[5]

Legacy and later controversy

According to a description of Calmeyer by the German Bundespresident Johannes Rau: "Calmeyer joined the ranks of human beings who helped, but who were also guilty of being caught up in the unjustifiable wrongdoings of the regime". His work was almost forgotten until a movement to honor him came about during the 1980s. On 4 March 1992, Yad Vashem honored Hans Calmeyer posthumously with the title "A Righteous Man Among Nations".[6] On 2 January 1995 the town of Osnabrück awarded Calmeyer its highest award posthumously: "The Moesermedaille". Present at the ceremony were his son, Dr. Peter Calmeyer, and the Ambassador of Israel, Avi Primor.

In later years, up to 2020, Calmeyer's heroism has been questioned and challenged by some researchers. One 92 year old Holocaust survivor spoke about Calmeyer, challenging his honors by saying that he had her sent to Auschwitz, and also threatened to have her non-Jewish Catholic father deported. Holocaust survivor Femma Fleijsman, who told about Calmeyer in a new book and a television documentary aired by the Jewish Programming division of the EO broadcaster in the Netherlands, says Calmeyer rejected an appeal she made and sent her to Bergen-Belsen.[7]

A petition to the German embassy in The Hague was made against plans for a German museum to name a building after Calmeyer.[8] Historian Petra van den Boomgaard says she understand the controversy but also that "Calmeyer did help many Jews, and there is a large group of people who attribute their survival to him and who are still very grateful to him for this. Until September 1943 there was a real chance of a request for revision being granted, but after that Calmeyer came under pressure. He was betrayed several times by Dutch parties involved in the review process during that period."[9][10][11][12]

There is ongoing research into the question as to why Calmeyer didn't approve more requests. He honored circa 2,500 objections, but also rejected around 1,500. Some historians in later years has said that he performed official work but never did anything outside the lines to save lives" and claims he never put himself in danger.[13][14] Others say that the SS got suspicious of Calmeyer and that he was being watched, and also that he was in a desperate position where he was forced to choose which persons to save.[15]

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References
  1. https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/calmeyer.html
  2. Liphshiz, Cnaan (28 May 2020). "German government urged not to honor Holocaust rescuer with murky record". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  3. https://www.timesofisrael.com/survivor-says-hero-recognized-as-righteous-among-nations-sent-her-to-auschwitz/
  4. Shedding Our Stars: The Story of Hans Calmeyer and How He Saved Thousands of Families Like Mine by Laureen Nussbaum and Karen Kirtley, 2019
  5. Burack, Emily. "Anne Frank's friend writes about German official who saved thousands from camps". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  6. https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/calmeyer.html
  7. https://www.timesofisrael.com/survivor-says-hero-recognized-as-righteous-among-nations-sent-her-to-auschwitz/
  8. https://nltimes.nl/2020/05/28/dutch-petition-german-museum-named-controversial-wwii-figure
  9. https://nltimes.nl/2020/05/28/dutch-petition-german-museum-named-controversial-wwii-figure
  10. http://www.jhsg.nl/recensie-petra-boomgaard-nazis-geen-jood/
  11. https://nos.nl/artikel/2335360-prominenten-in-geweer-tegen-naamgever-duits-museum-hij-is-niet-onomstreden.html
  12. https://www.noz.de/lokales/osnabrueck/artikel/972496/petra-van-den-boomgaard-in-osnabrueck-ausgezeichnet
  13. https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/german-government-urged-not-to-honor-holocaust-rescuer-with-murky-record
  14. https://nltimes.nl/2020/05/28/dutch-petition-german-museum-named-controversial-wwii-figure
  15. https://www.noz.de/lokales/osnabrueck/artikel/972496/petra-van-den-boomgaard-in-osnabrueck-ausgezeichnet
  • Joachim Castan/Thomas (Hg): Hans Calmeyer and the Rescue of the Jews in the Netherlands;

Catalogue for the exhibition, same title. Goettingen: V& Runipress 2003. ISBN 389971122X (optimal introduction of the topic.)

  • Frijtag Drabbe Künzel, Geraldien G. von (2008). Het geval Calmeyer (The case Calmeyer) (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Mets & Schilt. ISBN 978-90-5330-627-7.
  • Niebaum, Peter; Rolf Düsterberg; Siegfried Hummel; Tilman Westphalen (2001). Ein Gerechter unter den Völkern : Hans Calmeyer in seiner Zeit (1903-1972) (A Righteous Man Among Nations: Hans Calmeyer in His Time (1903-1972)) (in German). Osnabrück: Edition Rasch. ISBN 3-934005-95-0.
  • van Galen-Herrmann, Ruth (2009). Calmeyer, dader of mensenredder? Visies op Calmeyers rol in de jodenvervolging (Calmeyer, perpetrator or human rescuer?) (in Dutch). Aspekt. ISBN 9789059118850.
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