Hamada's equation

In corporate finance, Hamada’s equation, named after Robert Hamada, is used to separate the financial risk of a levered firm from its business risk. The equation combines the Modigliani-Miller theorem with the capital asset pricing model. It is used to help determine the levered beta and, through this, the optimal capital structure of firms.

Hamada’s equation relates the beta of a levered firm (a firm financed by both debt and equity) to that of its unlevered (i.e., a firm which has no debt) counterpart. It has proved useful in several areas of finance, including capital structuring, portfolio management and risk management, to name just a few. This formula is commonly taught in MBA Corporate Finance and Valuation classes. It is used to determine the cost of capital of a levered firm based on the cost of capital of comparable firms. Here, the comparable firms would be the ones having similar business risk and, thus, similar unlevered betas as the firm of interest.

Equation

The equation is[1]

${\displaystyle \beta _{L}=\beta _{U}[1+(1-T)\phi ]\qquad (1)}$

where β_L and β_U are the levered and unlevered betas, respectively, T the tax rate and ${\displaystyle \phi \,\!}$ the leverage, defined here as the ratio of debt, D, to equity, E, of the firm.

The importance of Hamada's equation is that it separates the risk of the business, reflected here by the beta of an unlevered firm, β_U, from that of its levered counterpart, β_L, which contains the financial risk of leverage. Apart from the effect of the tax rate, which is generally taken as constant, the discrepancy between the two betas can be attributed solely to how the business is financed.

The equation is often wrongly thought to hold in general. However, there are several key assumptions behind the Hamada equation:[2]

1. The Hamada formula is based on Modigliani and Miller’s formulation of the tax shield values for constant debt, i.e. when the dollar amount of debt is constant over time. The formulas are not correct if the firm follows a constant leverage policy, i.e. the firm rebalances its capital structure so that debt capital remains at a constant percentage of equity capital, which is a more common and realistic assumption than a fixed dollar debt (Brealey, Myers, Allen, 2010). If the firm is assumed to rebalance its debt-to-equity ratio continuously, the Hamada equation is replaced with the Harris-Pringle equation; if the firm rebalances only periodically, such as once a year, the Miles-Ezzell equation is the one to be used.
2. The beta of debt β_D equals zero. This is the case if debt capital has negligible risk that interest and principal payments will not be made when owed. The timely interest payments imply that tax deductions on the interest expense will also be realized—in the period in which the interest is paid.
3. The discount rate used to calculate the tax shield is assumed to be equal to the cost of debt capital (thus, the tax shield has the same risk as debt). This and the constant debt assumption in (1) imply that the tax shield is proportionate to the market value of debt: Tax Shield = T×D.

Derivation

This simplified proof is based on Hamada's original paper (Hamada, R.S. 1972). We know that, the beta of a company is :

${\displaystyle \beta _{i}={\frac {cov(r_{i},r_{M})}{\sigma ^{2}(r_{M})}}\qquad (2)}$

We also know that, the return on equity of a nonleveraged and a leveraged firm is:

${\displaystyle r_{E,U}={\frac {EBIT(1-T)-\Delta IC}{E_{U}}}\qquad (3)}$

${\displaystyle r_{E,L}={\frac {EBIT(1-T)-\Delta IC+Debt_{new}-Interest}{E_{L}}}\qquad (4)}$

Where ${\displaystyle \Delta IC}$ is sum of the net capital expenditure and the change in net working capital. If we substitute the (3) and (4) equation into the (2), then we get these formulas (5), if we suppose that the covariances between the market and the components of equity cash flow are zero (hence β_∆IC=β_Debtnew=β_Interest=0), except the covariance between EBIT and the market:

${\displaystyle \beta _{U}={\frac {cov({\frac {EBIT(1-T)}{E_{U}}},r_{M})}{\sigma ^{2}(r_{M})}}}$

${\displaystyle \beta _{L}={\frac {cov({\frac {EBIT(1-T)}{E_{L}}},r_{M})}{\sigma ^{2}(r_{M})}}}$

${\displaystyle E_{L}\beta _{L}=E_{U}\beta _{U}\rightarrow \beta _{L}={\frac {E_{U}}{E_{L}}}\beta _{U}}$

For get the well-known equation, suppose that the value of a firm's assets and the value of firm's equity are equal, if the firm is completely financed by equity and tax rate is zero. In mathematically this means the value of an unleveraged firm, when tax rate is zero: V_U=V_A=E_U. If we fix the value of the unleveraged firm, and change some equity to debt (D>0), the value of the firm is still the same, because there is no corporate tax. In this situation the value of the leveraged firm is (6):

${\displaystyle V_{L}=V_{U}=V_{A}=E_{U}=E_{L|T=0}+D}$

If the tax rate is bigger than zero (T>0) and there is financial leverage (D>0), then the leveraged and the unlevaraged firm are not equal because the value of the leveraged firm is bigger by the present value of the tax shield:

${\displaystyle \sum _{i}{\frac {Dr_{D}T}{(1+r_{D})^{i}}}={\frac {Dr_{D}T}{r_{D}}}=DT}$,

so (7):

${\displaystyle V_{L}=V_{\{U,A\}}+DT=E_{U}+DT=E_{L|T=0}+D+DT=E_{L|T>0}+D}$

Where V_A is the value of the unleveraged firm's assets, which we fixed in above. From the (7) equation E_U is (8)

${\displaystyle E_{U}=E_{L|T>0}+D-DT}$

Combine the (5) and (8) equation to get the well-known formula for the leveraged and non leveraged equity beta:

${\displaystyle \beta _{L}={\frac {E_{L}+D-DT}{E_{L}}}\beta _{U}=\left[1+{\frac {D}{E_{L}}}(1-T)\right]\beta _{U}=\beta _{U}[1+(1-T)\phi ]}$

Where I is the sum of interest payments, E is Equity, D is Debt, V is the value of a firm category (leveraged or non leveraged), A is assets, M is referred to the market, L means leveraged, U means non leveraged category, r is the return rate and T denotes the tax rate.

References

1. Hamada, R.S. (1972) “The Effect of the Firm's Capital Structure on the Systematic Risk of Common Stocks,” The Journal of Finance, 27(2):435-452.
2. Pratt, S. P, and Grabowski, R. J. (2008). Cost of capital : applications and examples. 3rd ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 144.

Further reading

• Brealey, R., Myers, S., and Allen, F. (2010) "Principles of Corporate Finance," McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 10th edition, ch. 19, pp. 485–486.
• Cohen, R.D. (2007) "Incorporating Default Risk Into Hamada's Equation for Application to Capital Structure," Wilmott Magazine (download paper)
• Conine, T.E. and Tamarkin, M. (1985) "Divisional Cost of Capital Estimation: Adjusting for Leverage,” Financial Management 14, Spring issue, p. 54.
• Harris, R. S. and Pringle, J. J. (1985) "Risk-Adjusted Discount Rates—Extensions from the Average Risk Case," Journal of Financial Research, (Fall 1985): 237–244.
• Miles, J. and Ezzell, J. (1980) "The Weighted Average Cost of Capital, Perfect Capital Markets and Project Life: a Clarification". Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 15: 719–730.