HMS Invincible (1747)

Invincible was originally a 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy launched in October 1744. Captured on 14 October 1747, she was taken into Royal Navy service as the third rate HMS Invincible.

For other ships with the same name, see French ship Invincible and HMS Invincible.

Invincible
History
France
Name: Invincible
Builder: Rochefort
Laid down: May 1741
Launched: 21 October 1744
Captured: 3 May 1747, by Royal Navy
Notes:
  • Participated in:
  • First Battle of Cape Finisterre
Great Britain
Name: HMS Invincible
Acquired: 3 May 1747
Fate: Wrecked, 1758
General characteristics (as re-measured by the British following her capture)
Tons burthen: 1,793 tons
Length: 171 ft 3 in (52.20 m) (gun deck length)
Beam: 49 ft 3 in (15.01 m)
Depth of hold: 21 ft 3 in (6.48 m)
Propulsion: Sails
Armament: 74 guns of various weights of shot

Ship design

During the early part of the 18th century British ship designers had made few significant advances in design, whereas French shipbuilding benefited from a remarkably creative period. At the time of the capture of Invincible, there was not one 74-gun ship in the Royal Navy. By 1805 at the Battle of Trafalgar, three quarters of British ships of the line were of this singular design and the 74-gun ship had become the backbone of all major navies of the world.

Invincible was one of the first trio of a new and longer type of 74-gun ships. Until 1738, French 74s had been little more than 154 (French) feet in gundeck length,[1] carrying just thirteen pairs of 36-pounder guns on the lower deck, fourteen pairs of 18-pounder guns on the upper deck and eight pairs of 8-pounder guns on the quarterdeck and forecastle, with the balance of the 74 guns made up of four small 4-pounder guns on the poop.

Invincible after her capture

This was changed by François Coulomb's design for Terrible, launched in 1739 at Toulon. The gundeck length was stretched to 164 (French) feet, and the four small guns on the poop were eliminated, replaced by new gunports for an additional pair of 36-pounder guns on the lower deck and an extra pair of 18-pounder guns on the upper deck. This new gun establishment became the standard for all subsequent French 74s. The next two ships, Invincible designed by Pierre Morineau and Le Magnanime designed by Blaise Geslain, were begun in early 1741 at Rochefort and were each even longer than Le Terrible.

Active service

At the First Battle of Cape Finisterre (14 May 1747) during the War of the Austrian Succession, Invincible was escorting a convoy of merchant ships when she was sighted by the British channel fleet of 16 ships of the line, which gave chase. Invincible attacked the British ships to give the convoy a chance to escape, and alone engaged six British warships. In the end with most of her crew dead or wounded she struck her colours. Gracious in defeat, the French Commander, Saint-Georges, handed his sword to Admiral George Anson.

HMS Invincible sank in February 1758 when she hit a sandbank in the East Solent.[2] The ship remained upright for 3 days after its grounding allowing the crew to safely escape.[2]

Wreck site

The site of the wreck was rediscovered by a fisherman in 1979 and was designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act on 30 September 1980.[2][3] In 1996 Amer Ved grounded at the wrecksite, although it is not clear whether or not this resulted in damage to the remains. In 2013 the wreck was placed on Historic England's (then called English Heritage) list of ten most at risk heritage sites due to parts of the ship being exposed by changing seabed levels.[4] In July 2016 it was announced that £2 million of the fines imposed for the Libor banking scandal would be used to fund an excavation of the wreck site.[5][6] In 2015 Historic England undertook conservation of a number of organic objects, gathered by surface recovery and vulnerable to physical and biological decay, publishing the report in 2018.[7] In 2016 Historic England commissioned Pascoe Archaeology Services to conduct a detailed photogrammetry survey of vulnerable and at-risk areas of the Invincible wreck site.[8]

In 2017, Historic England adopted a Conservation Management Plan for the wreck site.[9]

In December 2019 the BBC was given a preview of some of the 2000 artefacts found at the site, due to go on display to the public in 2020 at Chatham Dockyard as part of a National Museum of the Royal Navy travelling exhibition. These include parts of the ship's hull, tobacco pipes and ceramic hair curlers.[3]

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See also

References

Citations

  1. note that the French (pre-metric) foot was about 6.5% longer than the British equivalent.
  2. Pritchard, Martin; McDonald, Kendall (1987). Dive Wight and Hampshire. Underwater World Publications. pp. 85–86. ISBN 0-946020-15-9.
  3. Kennedy, Duncan (12 December 2019). "'Revolutionary' 18th Century naval ship revealed". BBC News. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  4. "HMS Invincible wreck 'at risk' English Heritage site". BBC News. 10 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
  5. "Jo Cox: Libor fines donated to Batley and Spen MP-backed charity". BBC News. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  6. "LIBOR fines to be used to support military charities and Royal Voluntary Service - News stories - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  7. Middleton, Pascoe, Paynter. "Conservation of Surface Recovered Artefacts from the Invincible, Protected Shipwreck Site - Historic England Research Report 18/2017". research.historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 4 May 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Pascoe, Jones & Cox. "The Use of Multi-Image Photogrammetry to Record at Risk Archaeological Material from the Wreck of Invincible. Historic England Research Report 37/2017". research.historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  9. Pascoe, D & Cowan, C. "HMS Invincible (1758) Conservation Statement and Management Plan. Historic England Research Report 27/2017". research.historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Bibliography

  • Lavery, Brian, The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850 (Conway Maritime Press, 2003), ISBN 0-85177-252-8.
  • Bingeman, John M. The First HMS Invincible (1747–58): Her Excavations (1980–1991) (Oxbow Books, 2010), ISBN 978-1-84217-393-0.
  • Winfield, Rif (2007). British Warships of the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 1-86176-295-X.
  • Winfield, Rif; Roberts, Stephen (2017). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626-1786: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4738-9351-1.
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