HER2/neu

Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2, also known as CD340 (cluster of differentiation 340), proto-oncogene Neu, Erbb2 (rodent), or ERBB2 (human), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERBB2 gene. ERBB is abbreviated from erythroblastic oncogene B, a gene isolated from avian genome. It is also frequently called HER2 (from human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) or HER2/neu.[5][6][7]

ERBB2
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesERBB2, CD340, HER-2, HER-2/neu, HER2, MLN 19, NEU, NGL, TKR1, erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2
External IDsOMIM: 164870 MGI: 95410 HomoloGene: 3273 GeneCards: ERBB2
EC number2.7.10.1
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 17 (human)[1]
Band17q12Start39,687,914 bp[1]
End39,730,426 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern


More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

2064

13866

Ensembl

ENSG00000141736

ENSMUSG00000062312

UniProt

P04626

P70424

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001005862
NM_001289936
NM_001289937
NM_001289938
NM_004448

NM_001003817

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001003817

Location (UCSC)Chr 17: 39.69 – 39.73 MbChr 11: 98.41 – 98.44 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

HER2 is a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER/EGFR/ERBB) family. Amplification or over-expression of this oncogene has been shown to play an important role in the development and progression of certain aggressive types of breast cancer. In recent years the protein has become an important biomarker and target of therapy for approximately 30% of breast cancer patients.[8]

Name

HER2 is so named because it has a similar structure to human epidermal growth factor receptor, or HER1. Neu is so named because it was derived from a rodent glioblastoma cell line, a type of neural tumor. ErbB-2 was named for its similarity to ErbB (avian erythroblastosis oncogene B), the oncogene later found to code for EGFR. Molecular cloning of the gene showed that HER2, Neu, and ErbB-2 are all encoded by the same orthologs.[9]

Gene

ERBB2, a known proto-oncogene, is located at the long arm of human chromosome 17 (17q12).

Function

The ErbB family consists of four plasma membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinases. One of which is erbB-2, and the other members being epidermal growth factor receptor, erbB-3 (neuregulin-binding; lacks kinase domain), and erbB-4. All four contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain that can interact with a multitude of signaling molecules and exhibit both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activity. Notably, no ligands for HER2 have yet been identified.[10][11] HER2 can heterodimerise with any of the other three receptors and is considered to be the preferred dimerisation partner of the other ErbB receptors.[12]

Dimerisation results in the autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the cytoplasmic domain of the receptors and initiates a variety of signaling pathways.

Signal transduction

Signaling pathways activated by HER2 include:[13]

In summary, signaling through the ErbB family of receptors promotes cell proliferation and opposes apoptosis, and therefore must be tightly regulated to prevent uncontrolled cell growth from occurring.

Clinical significance

Cancer

Amplification, also known as the over-expression of the ERBB2 gene, occurs in approximately 15-30% of breast cancers.[8][14] It is strongly associated with increased disease recurrence and a poor prognosis; however, drug agents targeting HER2 in breast cancer have significantly positively altered the otherwise poor-prognosis natural history of HER2-positive breast cancer.[15] Over-expression is also known to occur in ovarian,[16] stomach, adenocarcinoma of the lung[17] and aggressive forms of uterine cancer, such as uterine serous endometrial carcinoma,[18][19] e.g. HER-2 is over-expressed in approximately 7-34% of patients with gastric cancer[20][21] and in 30% of salivary duct carcinomas.[22]

HER2 is colocalised and most of the time, coamplified with the gene GRB7, which is a proto-oncogene associated with breast, testicular germ cell, gastric, and esophageal tumours.

HER2 proteins have been shown to form clusters in cell membranes that may play a role in tumorigenesis.[23][24]

Evidence has also implicated HER2 signaling in resistance to the EGFR-targeted cancer drug cetuximab.[25]

Mutations

Furthermore, diverse structural alterations have been identified that cause ligand-independent firing of this receptor, doing so in the absence of receptor over-expression. HER2 is found in a variety of tumours and some of these tumours carry point mutations in the sequence specifying the transmembrane domain of HER2. Substitution of a valine for a glutamic acid in the transmembrane domain can result in the constitutive dimerisation of this protein in the absence of a ligand.[26]

HER2 mutations have been found in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and can direct treatment.[27]

As a drug target

HER2 is the target of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (marketed as Herceptin). Trastuzumab is effective only in cancers where HER2 is over-expressed. One year of trastuzumab therapy is recommended for all patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who are also receiving chemotherapy.[28] Twelve months of trastuzumab therapy is optimal. Randomized trials have demonstrated no additional benefit beyond 12 months, whereas 6 months has been shown to be inferior to 12. Trastuzumab is administered intravenously weekly or every 3 weeks.[29]

An important downstream effect of trastuzumab binding to HER2 is an increase in p27, a protein that halts cell proliferation.[30] Another monoclonal antibody, Pertuzumab, which inhibits dimerisation of HER2 and HER3 receptors, was approved by the FDA for use in combination with trastuzumab in June 2012.

As of November 2015, there are a number of ongoing and recently completed clinical trials of novel targeted agents for HER2+ metastatic breast cancer, e.g. margetuximab.[31]

Additionally, NeuVax (Galena Biopharma) is a peptide-based immunotherapy that directs "killer" T cells to target and destroy cancer cells that express HER2. It has entered phase 3 clinical trials.

It has been found that patients with ER+ (Estrogen receptor positive)/HER2+ compared with ER-/HER2+ breast cancers may actually benefit more from drugs that inhibit the PI3K/AKT molecular pathway.[32]

Over-expression of HER2 can also be suppressed by the amplification of other genes. Research is currently being conducted to discover which genes may have this desired effect.

The expression of HER2 is regulated by signaling through estrogen receptors. Normally, estradiol and tamoxifen acting through the estrogen receptor down-regulate the expression of HER2. However, when the ratio of the coactivator AIB-3 exceeds that of the corepressor PAX2, the expression of HER2 is upregulated in the presence of tamoxifen, leading to tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.[33][34]

Her2 and Her3 distribution on a breast cell, (3D Dual Colour Super Resolution Microscopy SPDMphymod / LIMON, marked with Alexa 488 and 568)

Diagnostics

Cancer biopsy

HER2 testing is performed in breast cancer patients to assess prognosis and to determine suitability for trastuzumab therapy. It is important that trastuzumab is restricted to HER2-positive individuals as it is expensive and has been associated with cardiac toxicity.[35] For HER2-negative tumours, the risks of trastuzumab clearly outweigh the benefits.

Her 2 staining on patient breast cancer tissue identified as stage 3
The staining is seen as a cell membrane with continuous brown color.

Tests are usually performed on breast biopsy samples obtained by either fine-needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, vacuum-assisted breast biopsy, or surgical excision. Immunohistochemistry is used to measure the amount of HER2 protein present in the sample. Examples of this assay include HercepTest, Dako, Glostrup, and Denmark. The sample is given a score based on the cell membrane staining pattern.

Immunohistochemistry
Score[36][37]Status[36][37]Pattern
0HER2 negative
(not present)		Negative for HER2 protein expression.[38]
1+Weak or incomplete membrane staining in any tumor cells.[38]
2+Borderline/Equivocal
  • Complete membrane staining that is either nonuniform or weak in intensity, but has circumferential distribution in at least 10% of cells.[37][38]

or

  • Uniform intense membrane staining in 30% or less of tumor cells.[38]
3+HER2 positiveUniform intense membrane staining of more than 30% of invasive tumor cells.[37][38]

Specimens with equivocal IHC results should then be validated using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). FISH can be used to measure the number of copies of the gene which are present and is thought to be more reliable than IHC.[39]

Serum

The extracellular domain of HER2 can be shed from the surface of tumour cells and enter the circulation. Measurement of serum HER2 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) offers a far less invasive method of determining HER2 status than a biopsy and consequently has been extensively investigated. Results so far have suggested that changes in serum HER2 concentrations may be useful in predicting response to trastuzumab therapy.[40] However, its ability to determine eligibility for trastuzumab therapy is less clear.[41]

Interactions

HER2/neu has been shown to interact with:

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gollark: I don't think it's actually all available in one place, either.
gollark: I don't think that's actually information which is available for all filesystems.
gollark: Okay.
gollark: Hmm, yes. Might be safer to use an antimatter bomb, though.

See also

References
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