Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula

Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula
	Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula. Actual photograph
Material	Red sandstone slab
Writing	Sanskrit
Created	6th century
Period/culture	Gupta Empire era
Discovered	Gwalior Fort
Place	Gwalior Fort
Present location	Kolkata Museum
	Gwalior Gwalior (India) Gwalior Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) Gwalior Gwalior (Asia)

The Gwalior Inscription of Mihirakula is a Sanskrit inscription recording the construction of a Surya temple from stone, by Matricheta. It was found in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham and published in 1861. Several translations of it have been published thereafter. It is damaged, its script is the northern class of ancient Gupta script and the entire composition is in poetic verse.[1]

It is notable for mentioning a Sun temple in the first part of the sixth century CE, and the rule of Hūṇa king Mihirakula.[2]

Location

Gwalior is located in northern Madhya Pradesh, India. The shrine probably stood on the edge of the tank known as Surāj Kuṇḍ on Gwalior Fort. The inscription is in the Indian Museum.

Publication

The inscription was found by Cunningham, who published it in 1861. Rajendralala Mitra published its first interpretation and translation in 1862. At this time, nine lines of text were extant on the broken slab. The inscription was damaged, with first 2-3 characters of every line lost. After its discovery, more lines were lost before the slab was removed and shifted to the Imperial Museum at Calcutta (Indian Museum, Kolkata). Now only seven lines can be studied.[1] John Faithfull Fleet published an interpolated version of this inscription, and a translation of the reconstructed inscription in 1888.[3] It was subsequently noted by Bhandarkar, Garde, Dvivedī and Willis in their respective epigraphic lists.[4] An edition was published by D. C. Sircar in his Select Inscriptions.[5]

Description and contents

The inscription is on red sandstone, written in Sanskrit and mostly a poetic verse about god Surya, suggesting it originated in the Saura tradition of Hinduism. The purport is to record that a stone temple was built for the god on the Gopa hill in the month of Kārttika, a hill that is now found in southern part of the Gwalior Fort. The stone temple is now missing. It mentions the name of the sponsor to be Matricheta, the son of Matridasa, was the patron.[1][4]

It does not mention the year or era, but mentions the 15th year of Mihirakula, giving this inscription a part of its name and making it a significant historical record.

Inscription

Siddham has published the critically edited version of the inscription as:[6]

Portrait of Mihirakula from his coinage. He is mentioned in line 3 of the Gwalior inscription.

The name "Mihirakula" (Gupta script:

, Mi-hi-ra-ku-la) in line 3 of the Gwalior inscription.

1. [*][*ja](ya)ti jaladavāladhvāntam utsārayan svaiḥkiraṇanivahajālair vyoma vidyotayadbhiḥu[*daya-gi](r)[*i]taṭāgra[*ṃ] maṇḍaya{+n} yas tura(ṃ)gaiḥcakitagamanakhedabhrāntacaṃcatsaṭāntaiḥ|udayag[*i](r)[*i]
2. [⏑--](gra)stacakro rttiharttābhuvanabhavanadīpaḥ śarvvarīnāśahetuḥtapitakanakavarṇṇair aṃśubhif paṃkajān(ā)mabhinavaramaṇīyaṃ yo (vi)dhatte sa vo vyāT|śrītora(m)[āṇa i]ti yaḥ prathito
3. [*?bhū-ca](?kra)paḥ prabhūtaguṇaḥsatyapradānaśauryād yena mahī nyāyata(śā)stātasyoditakulakīrtteḥ putro tulavikramaḥ patiḥ pṛthvyāḥmihirakuleti khyāto bhaṅgo yaḥ paśupati(m a)[#3#]
4. [*tasmin rā]jani śāsati pṛthvīṃ pṛthuvimalalocane rttihareabhivarddhamānarājye paṃcadaśābde nṛpavṛṣasya|śaśiraśmihāsavikasitakumudotpalagandhaśītalāmodekārttikamāse prāpta gagana
5. [*?patau][*ni]rmmale bhāti|dvijagaṇamukhyair abhisaṃstute ca puṇyāhanādaghoṣeṇatithinakṣatramuhūrtte saṃprāpte supraśastad(i)ne|mātṛtulasya tu pautraḥ putraś ca tathaiva mātṛdāsasyanāmnā ca mātṛcetaḥ parvva-
6. [*ta][-⏑][*?pu](ra)vās(t)av(y)aḥnānādhātuvicitre gopāhvayanāmni bhūdhare ramyekāritavān śailamayaṃ bhānoḥ prāsādavaramukhyaM|puṇyābhivṛddhihetor mmātāpitros tathātmanaś caivavasatā ca girivare smi rājñaḥ
7. [...](?pā)denaye kārayanti bhānoś candrāṃśusamaprabhaṃ gṛhapravaraṃteṣāṃ vāsaḥ svargge yāvatkalpakṣayo bhavati||bhaktyā raver vviracitaṃ saddharmmakhyāpanaṃ sukīrttimayaṃnāmnā ca keśaveti prathitena ca{-|}
8. [...](?di)tyena||yāvaccharvvajaṭākalāpagahane vidyotate candramādivyastrīcaraṇair vvibhūṣitataṭo yāvac ca merur nagaḥyāvac corasi nīlanīradanibhe viṣṇur vvibharty ujvalāṃśrīṃ{-s} tāvad girimūrdhni tiṣṭhati
9. [*?śilā-prā]sādamukhyo rame||

Translation

John Fleet in 1888 translated the interpolated inscription as follows:

"[Ôm!] May he (the Sun) protect you, who is victorious,-dispelling the darkness of the banks of clouds with the masses of the multitude of his rays that light up the sky; (and) decorating the top of the side of the mountain of dawn with (his) horses, which have the tossing ends of (their) manes deshevelled through the fatigue (induced) by (their) startled gait;-(and) who,-having (his) chariot-wheels (?) swallowed (?)…………. The mountain of dawn; dispelling distress; (being) the light of the house which is the world; (and) effecting the destruction of night,-creates the fresh beauty of the waterlilies by (his) rays which are of the colour of molten gold!

Portrait of Toramana, mentioned in line 2 of the Gwalior inscription.

(Line 2.)-(There was) a ruler of [the earth], of great merit, who was renowned by the name of the glorious Tôramâna; by whom, through (his) heroism that was specially characterised by truthfulness, the earth was governed with justice.

(L. 3.)-Of him, the fame of whose family has risen high, the son (is) he, of unequalled prowess, the lord of the earth, who is renowned under the name of Mihirakula, (and) who, (himself) unbroken, [broke the power of] Pasupati.

(L. 4.)-While [he], the king, the remover of distress, possessed of large and pellucid eyes, is governing the earth; in the augmenting reign, (and) in the fifteenth year, of (him) the best of kings; the month Kârttika, cool and fragrant with the perfume of the red and blue waterlilies that are caused to blossom by the smiles of the rays of the moon, having come; while the spotless moon is shining; and a very auspicious day,-heralded by the chiefs of the classes of the twice-born with the noise of the proclamation of a holy day, (and) possessed of the (proper) tithi and nakshatra and muhûrta,-having arrived;-

(L. 5.)-The son’s son of Matritula, and the son of Mâtridâsa, by the name Mâtrichêta, an inhabitant of ………… on the hill, has caused to be made, on the delightful mountain which is speckled with various metals and has the appelation of Gopa, a stone temple, the chief among the best of temples, of the Sun, for the purpose of increasing the religious merit of (his) parents and of himself, and of those who, by the ……… of the king, dwell on this best of mountains.

(L. 6.)-Those who cause to be made an excellent house of the Sun, like in lustre to the rays of the moon,-their abode is in heaven, until the destruction of all things!

(L. 7.)-(This) very famous proclamation of the true religion has been composed through devotion to the Sun, by him who is renowned by the name of Kesava and by…. ditya.
(L. 8.)-As long as the moon shines on the thicket that is the knot of the braided hair of (the god) Sarva; and as long as the mountain Mêru continues to have (its) slopes adorned by the feet of the nymphs of heaven; and as long as (the god) Vishnu bears the radiant (goddess) Srî upon (his) breast which is like a dark-blue cloud;-so long (this) chief of [stone]-temples shall stand upon the delightful summit of the hill!"
— Gwalior inscription of Mihirakula.[1]

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gollark: Well, the "second half" of the year finishes then.

gollark: They'll be sorry. They'll all be sorry. In November or so.

Notes

Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3, pp. 161-164, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
The dates of Mihirakula are not known but he can be assigned to c. AD 535; Richard Salomon, "New Inscriptional Evidence for the History of the Aulikaras of Mandasor," Indo-Iranian Journal 32 (1989): 1-39.
J. F. Fleet, Inscriptions of the Gupta Kings and their Successors, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3 (Calcutta, 1888), pp. 161-164, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Bhandarkar, Epigraphica Indica 19-23 (1927-36): appendix, number 1869, 2109; Gwalior State, Archaeological Report for VS 1986/AD 1929-30: number 43; Dvivedī, Gvāliyar rājye ke abhilekh (VS 2004): number 616; Michael D. Willis, Inscriptions of Gopakṣetra (London, 1996).
Sircar, Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History, pp. 424-26.
Gwalior Inscription of Mihirakula, Siddham, British Library

External links

British Museum Research Project : Politics, Ritual and Religion : Epigraphic Findspots

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[cii3n37-1] Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3, pp. 161-164, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[2] The dates of Mihirakula are not known but he can be assigned to c. AD 535; Richard Salomon, "New Inscriptional Evidence for the History of the Aulikaras of Mandasor," Indo-Iranian Journal 32 (1989): 1-39.

[3] J. F. Fleet, Inscriptions of the Gupta Kings and their Successors, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol. 3 (Calcutta, 1888), pp. 161-164, This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

[bhandarkar-4] Bhandarkar, Epigraphica Indica 19-23 (1927-36): appendix, number 1869, 2109; Gwalior State, Archaeological Report for VS 1986/AD 1929-30: number 43; Dvivedī, Gvāliyar rājye ke abhilekh (VS 2004): number 616; Michael D. Willis, Inscriptions of Gopakṣetra (London, 1996).

[5] Sircar, Select Inscriptions Bearing on Indian History, pp. 424-26.

[6] Gwalior Inscription of Mihirakula, Siddham, British Library