Gustaf Gründgens

Gustaf Gründgens (German: [ˈɡʊs.taf ˈɡʁʏnt.ɡəns] (listen); 22 December 1899 – 7 October 1963), born Gustav Heinrich Arnold Gründgens, was one of Germany's most famous and influential actors of the 20th century, and artistic director of theatres in Berlin, Düsseldorf, and Hamburg. His career continued unimpeded through the years of the Nazi regime; the extent to which this can be considered as deliberate collaboration with the Nazis is hotly disputed.

Gustaf Gründgens
Gustaf Gründgens as Hamlet (1936)
Born
Gustav Heinrich Arnold Gründgens

(1899-12-22)22 December 1899
Düsseldorf, German Empire
Died7 October 1963(1963-10-07) (aged 63)
Manila, Philippines
Years active1920–1963
Spouse(s)Erika Mann (1926–1929)
Marianne Hoppe (1936–1946)
Children1

His best known roles were that of Mephistopheles in Goethe's Faust in 1960, and as "Der Schränker" (The Safecracker) who is the chief judge of the kangaroo court presiding over Hans Beckert (Peter Lorre) in Fritz Lang's M.

Early life

Born in Düsseldorf, Gründgens attended the drama school of the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus after World War I and started his career at smaller theaters in Halberstadt, Kiel, and Berlin.

Career

In 1923, he joined the Kammerspiele in Hamburg, where he also appeared as a director for the first time, collaborating with the author Klaus Mann, the son of Thomas Mann, and his sister Erika. Bisexual Gründgens, who meanwhile had changed his first name to Gustaf, married Erika Mann in 1926; they divorced three years later.

In 1928, he moved back to Berlin to join the renowned ensemble of the Deutsches Theater under the director Max Reinhardt. Apart from spoken theatre, Gründgens also worked with Otto Klemperer at the Kroll Opera, as a cabaret artist and as a screen actor, most notably in Fritz Lang's 1931 film M, which significantly increased his popularity. From 1932 he was a member of the Prussian State Theatre ensemble, in which he first stood out as Mephistopheles.

Gründgens' career continued after the Nazi party came to power: in 1934 he became the Intendant, or artistic director, of the Prussian State Theatre and was later appointed a member of the Prussian state council by the Prussian Minister-President Hermann Göring. He also became a member of the Presidential Council of the Reichstheaterkammer (Theatre Chamber of the Reich), which was an institution of the Reichskulturkammer (Reich Chamber of Culture). In 1941, Gründgens starred (against his will and unpaid) in the propaganda film Ohm Krüger and also in Friedemann Bach, a film he also produced. After Goebbels's total war speech on 18 February 1943, Gründgens volunteered for the Wehrmacht but was again recalled by Göring, who had his name added to the Gottbegnadeten list (Important Artist Exempt List).

Post-war life

Imprisoned by the Soviet NKVD for 9 months in 1945 - 1946, Gründgens was released thanks to the intercession of the Communist actor Ernst Busch, whom Gründgens himself had saved from execution by the Nazis in 1943. During the denazification process his statements helped to exonerate acting colleagues, including Göring's widow Emmy and Veit Harlan, director of the film Jud Süß. Gründgens returned to the Deutsches Theater, later became Intendant of the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus, and from 1955 directed the Deutsches Schauspielhaus in Hamburg. He again performed as Mephistopheles; the 1960 film Faust by Peter Gorski was made with the Deutsches Schauspielhaus ensemble.

Personal life

Gründgens married Erika Mann in 1926; the marriage ended after three years. From 1936 to 1946, Gründgens was married to the famous German actress Marianne Hoppe. Despite these lavender marriages, Gründgens was widely known as homosexual. While other homosexuals were persecuted and sent to concentration camps during the Third Reich, Gründgens was tolerated by the Nazi elites because of his high reputation as an actor.[1]

Death
Grave of Gustaf Gründgens at the Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg.

On 7 October 1963, while traveling around the world, Gründgens died in Manila of an internal hemorrhage. It has never been ascertained whether or not he committed suicide by an overdose of sleeping pills. His last words, written on an envelope, were, "I believe that I took too many sleeping pills. I feel a little funny or strange. Let me sleep long." He is buried at the Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg.

Mephisto judgment

Posthumously, Gründgens was involved in one of the more famous literary cases in 20th-century Germany as the subject of the novel Mephisto by his former brother-in-law Klaus Mann, who had died in 1949. The novel, a thinly veiled account of Gründgens's life, portrayed its main character Hendrik Höfgen as having shady connections with the Nazi regime. Gründgens's adopted son and heir Peter Gorski, who had directed Faust, successfully sued the publisher on his late father's behalf in 1966. The judgment was upheld by the Federal Court of Justice in 1968.

In the time-consuming lawsuit, the controversy over libel and the freedom of fiction from censorship was finally decided by the Federal Constitutional Court in 1971. It ruled that Gründgens's post-mortem personality rights prevailed and upheld the prohibition imposed on the publisher.[2] However, the novel met with no further protests when it was published again in 1981 by Rowohlt.

In 1981, the novel was made into the film Mephisto, directed by István Szabó, with Klaus Maria Brandauer in the role of Hendrik Höfgen. The film was a huge commercial and critical success, and won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1981.

Filmography

Director

Actor

Further reading
  • Ambesser, Gwendolyn von: Die Ratten betreten das sinkende Schiff: Das absurde Leben des Leo Reuss. Verlag Edition AV, Lich/Hessen 2005, ISBN 3-936049-47-5.
  • Badenhausen, Rolf (1966), "Gustaf Heinrich Arnold Gründgens", Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB) (in German), 7, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 188–189; (full text online)
  • Berger, Renate: Tanz auf dem Vulkan. Gustaf Gründgens und Klaus Mann. Lambert Schneider, Darmstadt 2016, ISBN 978-3-650-40128-1.
  • Blubacher, Thomas: Gustaf Gründgens. Biografie. Henschel, Leipzig 2013, ISBN 978-3-89487-702-6.
  • Goertz, Heinrich: Gustaf Gründgens. Mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1982, 7. Auflage 2006, ISBN 978-3-499-50315-3.
  • Carola Stern: Auf den Wassern des Lebens. Gustaf Gründgens und Marianne Hoppe. Kiepenheuer & Witsch, Köln 2005, ISBN 3-462-03604-1 (Biografie).
  • Carl Zuckmayer: Geheimreport. Dossiers über deutsche Künstler, Journalisten und Verleger im „Dritten Reich“. Hrsg. von Gunther Nickel und Johanna Schrön. Wallstein, Göttingen 2002, S.153 f.
gollark: However, if you spin the entire thing very fast you can generate "gravity" centrifugally.
gollark: Without anything else going on, if you stood on the inner surface you'd fall into the star.
gollark: The original ringworld concept by Niven has a really big… ring… around a star.
gollark: What? Do you know how ringworlds work?
gollark: Excellent.

See also
  • Dohm–Mann family tree

References
  1. http://www.cultpress.de/rosa-winkel/bio-gruendgens.htm
  2. Protection of the Honour of Deceased Persons - A Comparison Between the German and the Australian Legal Situations: pp 112-115, Bond Law Review, Volume 13, Issue 1, Article 5, 2001 by Götz Böttner- Retrieved 2016-07-17
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