Gurre-Lieder

Gurre-Lieder is a large cantata for five vocal soloists, narrator, chorus and large orchestra, composed by Arnold Schoenberg, on poems by the Danish novelist Jens Peter Jacobsen (translated from Danish to German by Robert Franz Arnold). The title means "songs of Gurre", referring to Gurre Castle in Denmark, scene of the medieval love-tragedy (related in Jacobsen's poems) revolving around the Danish national legend of the love of the Danish king Valdemar Atterdag (Valdemar IV, 1320–1375, spelled Waldemar by Schoenberg) for his mistress Tove, and her subsequent murder by Valdemar's jealous Queen Helvig (a legend which is historically more likely connected with his ancestor Valdemar I).

Gurre-Lieder
Cantata by Arnold Schoenberg
A performance at the Graz Opera in 2013,
conducted by Dirk Kaftan
Textpoems by Jens Peter Jacobsen
LanguageGerman
Composed1900 (1900)–1903, 1910
Performed23 February 1913 (1913-02-23): Vienna
Movements23 (in three parts)
Scoring
  • 5 solo singers
  • narrator
  • mixed choir
  • symphony orchestra
Ruins of Gurre Castle, in Denmark, 2007

Composition

In 1900, Schoenberg began composing the work as a song cycle for soprano, tenor and piano for a competition run by the Wiener Tonkünstler-Verein (Vienna Composers' Association). It was written in a lush, late-romantic style heavily influenced by Richard Wagner. According to Schoenberg, however, he "finished them half a week too late for the contest, and this decided the fate of the work."[1] Later that year, he radically expanded his original conception, composing links between the first nine songs as well as adding a prelude, the Wood Dove's Song, and the whole of Parts Two and Three. He worked on this version sporadically until around 1903, when he abandoned the mammoth task of orchestrating the work and moved on to other projects.

By the time he returned to the piece in 1910, he had already written his first acknowledged atonal works, such as the Three Pieces for Piano, Op. 11, Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 16 and Erwartung, Op. 17. He had also come under the spell of Gustav Mahler, whom he had met in 1903 and whose influence may be discernible in the orchestration of the latter parts of the Gurre-Lieder. Whereas Parts One and Two are clearly Wagnerian in conception and execution, Part Three features the pared-down orchestral textures and kaleidoscopic shifts between small groups of instruments favoured by Mahler in his later symphonies. In Des Sommerwindes wilde Jagd, Schoenberg also introduced the first use of Sprechgesang (or Sprechstimme), a technique he would explore more fully in Pierrot Lunaire of 1912.[2] The orchestration was finally completed in November 1911.[3]

Premieres

Franz Schreker conducted the premiere of the work in Vienna on 23 February 1913. By this time, Schoenberg was disenchanted with the style and character of the piece and was even dismissive of its positive reception, saying "I was rather indifferent, if not even a little angry. I foresaw that this success would have no influence on the fate of my later works. I had, during these thirteen years, developed my style in such a manner that to the ordinary concertgoer, it would seem to bear no relation to all preceding music. I had to fight for every new work; I had been offended in the most outrageous manner by criticism; I had lost friends and I had completely lost any belief in the judgement of friends. And I stood alone against a world of enemies."[4] At the premiere, Schoenberg did not even face the members of the audience, many of whom were fierce critics of his who were newly won over by the work; instead, he bowed to the musicians, but kept his back turned to the cheering crowd. Violinist Francis Aranyi called it "the strangest thing that a man in front of that kind of a hysterical, worshipping mob has ever done."[5]

It would be wrong to assume that Schoenberg considered Gurre-Lieder a composition of no merit, however. A few months after the premiere he wrote to Wassily Kandinsky, "I certainly do not look down on this work, as the journalists always suppose. For although I have certainly developed very much since those days, I have not improved, but my style has simply got better ... I consider it important that people give credence to the elements in this work which I retained later."[6]

The Dutch first performance, directed by Schoenberg himself, was in March 1921 in the Amsterdam Concertgebouw.[7] Schoenberg's champion and former pupil, the BBC programme planner Edward Clark, invited the composer to London to conduct the first British performance on 27 January 1928, in a translation by David Millar Craig.[8][9] Clark had tried to have the premiere the previous year, on 14 April 1927, but these plans fell through.[10] Leopold Stokowski conducted the American premiere on 8 April 1932, with the Philadelphia Orchestra, soloists and chorus.

First recording

Stokowski's performances on 9 and 11 April 1932 were recorded 'live' by RCA (see below). The company issued the 11 April performance on twenty-seven 78rpm sides, and this remained the only recording of the work in the catalogue until the advent of LP; it was eventually reissued on LP and CD. Bell Laboratories had been experimentally recording the Philadelphia Orchestra in high fidelity and stereophonic sound; RCA reportedly used the new technology to record the performances on 33 1/3 rpm masters.[11][12]

Other performances

A performance of Gurre-Lieder without intermission runs over an hour and a half. Riccardo Chailly's 1990 Decca recording, for example, lasts more than 100 minutes and takes two compact discs.[13] In 2014 the Dutch National Opera in Amsterdam was the first company to perform the Gurre-Lieder as a stage presentation, in a production directed by Pierre Audi.[14]

Structure

The cantata is divided into three parts. Whereas the first two parts are scored for solo voices and orchestra only, the third part introduces a further two soloists, a narrator, three four-part male choruses as well as a full mixed chorus.

In the first part of the work (approx. 1 hour), the love of Waldemar for Tove and the theme of misfortune and impending death are recounted in nine songs for soprano and tenor with orchestral accompaniment. A long orchestral interlude leads to the Wood Dove's Song which tells of Tove's death and Waldemar's grief.

The brief second part (5 mins) consists of just one song in which the bereft and distraught Waldemar accuses God of cruelty.

In the third part (approx. 45 mins), Waldemar calls his dead vassals from their graves. The undead's restless roaming and savage hunt around the castle at night is thunderously depicted by the male chorus, until the horde, driven by the radiance of the sunrise, recedes back into death's sleep. During this, a peasant sings of his fear of the eerie army and there is a humorous interlude in the grotesque song of the fool Klaus who is forced to ride with the macabre host when he would rather rest in his grave. A gentle orchestral interlude depicting the light of dawn leads into the melodrama The Summer Wind's Wild Hunt, a narration about the morning wind, which flows into the mixed-choral conclusion Seht die Sonne! ("See the Sun!").

Part one
  1. Orchestral Prelude
  2. Nun dämpft die Dämm'rung (tenor = Waldemar)
  3. O, wenn des Mondes Strahlen (soprano = Tove)
  4. Ross! Mein Ross! (Waldemar)
  5. Sterne jubeln (Tove)
  6. So tanzen die Engel vor Gottes Thron nicht (Waldemar)
  7. Nun sag ich dir zum ersten Mal (Tove)
  8. Es ist Mitternachtszeit (Waldemar)
  9. Du sendest mir einen Liebesblick (Tove)
  10. Du wunderliche Tove! (Waldemar)
  11. Orchestral Interlude
  12. Tauben von Gurre! (mezzo-soprano = Wood Dove)

Part two
Herrgott, weißt du, was du tatest (Waldemar)

Part three
  1. Erwacht, König Waldemars Mannen wert! (Waldemar)
  2. Deckel des Sarges klappert (bass-baritone = Peasant, men's chorus)
  3. Gegrüsst, o König (men's chorus = Waldemar's men)
  4. Mit Toves Stimme flüstert der Wald (Waldemar)
  5. Ein seltsamer Vogel ist so'n Aal (Klaus the Jester)
  6. Du strenger Richter droben (Waldemar)
  7. Der Hahn erhebt den Kopf zur Kraht (men's chorus)

Des Sommerwindes wilde Jagd / The Summer Wind's Wild Hunt

  1. Orchestral Prelude
  2. Herr Gänsefuss, Frau Gänsekraut (speaker)
  3. Seht die Sonne! (mixed chorus)

Instrumentation

Gurre-Lieder calls for exceptionally large orchestral and choral forces (approximately 150 instrumentalists and 200 singers):

Recordings
  • Leopold Stokowski (1932), with soloists Paul Althouse (Waldemar), Jeanette Vreeland (Tove), Rose Bampton (Wood Dove), Robert Betts (Klaus the Jester), Benjamin de Loache (Peasant), Abrasha Robofsky (Narrator) and choirs Princeton Glee Club, Fortnightly Club, Mendelssohn Club, Philadelphia Orchestra Chorus. Recordings were made during live performances at the Metropolitan Opera Philadelphia, in two distinct versions with the same personnel, on 9 and 11 April 1932.[15]
Stokowski (1949) recorded the Song of the Wood-Dove in Erwin Stein's edition in 1949, with Martha Lipton, mezzo-soprano, and the New York Philharmonic (Columbia Records; reissued on Cala Records).
Stokowski (1961) returned to Gurre-Lieder in 1961 for performances in Philadelphia and again in Scotland, where he and the London Symphony Orchestra opened that year's Edinburgh International Festival with the work. Recordings of the Philadelphia and Edinburgh radio broadcasts have survived, with the 1961 Edinburgh Festival performance having been issued in 2012 on the Guild Historical label. The soloists in that performance were James McCracken (Waldemar), Gré Brouwenstijn (Tove), Nell Rankin (Wood Dove), Forbes Robinson (Peasant), John Lanigan (Klaus the Jester) and Alvar Lidell (Narrator) and chorus was Edinburg Royal Choral Union. (GHCD 2388/89).
gollark: I *should* have one, given that I've ended up getting up at 1am (time zone confusion), but I can barely get to sleep anyway most of the time.
gollark: Maybe one day TJ09 will refactor it, and the bugs will finally depart, partially.
gollark: Because it's All Broken!
gollark: (what? it's consistent with *other* bugginess...)
gollark: Perhaps TJ09 was implementing a different shard-getting/limiting mechanic but then it broke horribly and he didn't notice during testing.

References
  1. Dika Newlin: Bruckner, Mahler, Schoenberg, rev. ed. (New York: Norton, 1978); ISBN 978-0-393-02203-2
  2. Aidan Soder: "Sprechstimme in Arnold Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire. A Study of Vocal Performance Practice" (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2008), p. 5; ISBN 978-0-7734-5178-0.
  3. Malcolm MacDonald: Schoenberg (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
  4. Arnold Schoenberg: Style and Idea: Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg, edited by Leonard Stein, with translations by Leo Black (New York: St. Martins Press & London: Faber & Faber, 1975); ISBN 0-520-05294-3.
  5. Ross, Alex: The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007); ISBN 978-0-374-24939-7.
  6. Arnold Schoenberg (trans. Crawford): Arnold Schoenberg – Wassily Kandinsky. Letters, Pictures and Documents (London: Faber, 1984) p. 60.
  7. Article in NRC Handelsblad (Dutch)
  8. Joseph Auner: A Schoenberg Reader: Documents of a Life (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 69
  9. David Lambourn: "Henry Wood and Schoenberg", in: The Musical Times, 128 (August 1987), pp. 422-427.
  10. Jennifer Doctor: The BBC and Ultra-Modern Music, 1922–1936: Shaping a Nation's Tastes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 127 https://books.google.com/books?id=CVCtkShvDSkC&pg=PA127
  11. "GHCD 2388/89 – Stokowski: Schoenberg 'Gurrelieder'". International Record Review September 2002. Classical Music Review Blog.
  12. "Leopold Stokowski - Philadelphia Orchestra Recordings of 1932". Stokowski.org.
  13. "Schoenberg: Gurrelieder: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  14. "Schoenberg's Gurrelieder in Full Glory" by George Loomis, The New York Times, 15 September 2014.
  15. The 9 April performance was released on two 'Pearl' CDs in 1993. The 11 April version was issued on LP, RCA Victor LCT-6012, with two inset masters recorded 4/5 May 1932, Discography of American Historical Recordings, s.v. "RCA Victor LCT-6012 (LP) Gurre-Lieder," accessed January 1, 2016
  16. A. Achenbach, "Michael Gielen conducts Schoenberg's Gurrelieder", classicalsource.com
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