Gryllus assimilis

Gryllus assimilis, commonly known as the Jamaican field cricket and sometimes referred to as the silent cricket (a misnomer[lower-alpha 1]) among other names,[lower-alpha 2] is one of many cricket species known as a field cricket. Its natural habitats are the West Indies and parts of the southern United States, Mexico, and South America, though as a result of widespread breeding programs to supply feeder insects to the pet industry since 2010, it has become available commercially throughout North America and Europe.

Gryllus assimilis
Gryllus assimilis male
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Orthoptera
Suborder:	Ensifera
Family:	Gryllidae
Genus:	Gryllus
Species:	G. assimilis
Binomial name
Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius, 1775) [1]
Synonyms[1]
G. aztecus Saussure, 1859 G. collocatus Walker, 1869 G. cubensis Saussure, 1859 G. determinatus Walker, 1869 G. luridus Walker, 1869 G. mexicanus Saussure, 1859 G. neglectus Scudder, 1862 G. septentrionalis Walker, 1869 G. similaris Walker, 1869

Taxonomy

At one time, many field crickets found in the eastern states of the United States were assumed to be a single species and were referred to as Gryllus assimilis. However, in 1932, the entomologist B. B. Fulton showed that four populations of field cricket in North Carolina, that were morphologically identical and which were all considered to be G. assimilis, produced four different songs. It was further observed that though some had overlapping habitats, each population had different seasonal life cycles and were unable to cross-breed. Further investigation led to the acceptance of a species complex comprising eight species in the eastern states, including two that have indistinguishable songs but different seasons of activity, and one where the males are mute. Once these eight species were distinguishable by song, tiny morphological differences were discovered between them, such as the precise number of teeth on the stridulatory mechanism.[2] None of these species are the Jamaican field cricket, which was first described in 1775 by the Danish zoologist Johan Christian Fabricius, the type locality being Jamaica.[1]

Subspecies

There are two subspecies :[1]

• G. a. assimilis (Fabricius, 1775) - West Indies, United States, Mexico and South America
• G. a. pallida Saussure, 1897 - Mexico

Distribution and habitat

Gryllus assimilis female-- the black hair-like structure visible at her posterior end is her ovipositor

Gryllus assimilis occurs in the West Indies, southern United States, Mexico and parts of South America.[1] In the United States, it is limited to Florida and southern Texas. Its typical habitat is weedy fields, roadside verges, lawns and rough pasture.[3]

Life cycle

Females deposit as many as 400 eggs via an ovipositor into damp soil. At suitably warm temperatures (between 25 °C (77 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) , eggs usually hatch in about eleven days. Nymphal stages take place for another three six to seven weeks, at which point the insect reaches sexual maturity and the males begin calling for females. Eggs are often consumed cannibalistically by adults searching the soil for food.

As pests

Crickets of this species are considered pests in vegetable and flower gardens as well as in citrus nurseries. In the past they have been controlled by fumigating the soil with calcium cyanide, a highly toxic poison.[4]

Call

The call, issued only by the male, is a short, pulsed chirp emitted at intervals of about one second. The pulse rate is rapid and the intervals between the pulses brief, so each chirp sounds like a continuous sound.[3]

Diseases

The Jamaican field cricket is immune to cricket paralysis virus, a disease which swept through the cricket rearing industry in 2010 and devastated the existing stock of the commonly-purchased and very similar house crickets in the United States and Europe. This has led to the Jamaican field cricket becoming the latest "standard" cricket available for purchase as a food for pets.[5]

Confusion of Gryllus locorojo with Gryllus assimilis

The other species, Gryllus locorojo, different morphologically and by its songs, also known as "crazy red" or "banana cricket", is often confused with Gryllus assimilis.[6][7] Gryllus locorojo has a medium-large body, long or short winged, typically reddish/brownish colored head with three or four longitudinal stripes visible even in specimens with darker heads. According to Varvara Vedenina, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow: "The cricket culture under name "Gryllus assimilis" came to the Moscow Zoo from the Berlin Zoo in the beginning of the 1990s. No details are known. A bit latter, in 1997, the cricket eggs under name "Gryllus argentinus" came from Paris Museum of Natural History to St. Petersburg. These eggs definitely originated from Ecuador, since French colleagues returned from an expedition there. Both cultures appear to be identical".[6] This cricket, predominantly known as "Gryllus assimilis" in Russia and Europe (sometimes also referred as "Gryllus argentinus"),[6][7] was described as a new species by D.B. Weissman and D.A. Gray in 2012 and should not be confused neither with the true Gryllus assimilis nor with the true Gryllus argentinus.[6][7]

Notes

1. Males produce a calling song which is quieter than that of many other cricket species, making them more attractive to hobbyists raising them as food for pets, but are not actually "silent".
2. Also referred to as the brown cricket (though that name is often used for the house cricket), Steppengrille, and steppe cricket.

References

1. "Gryllus (Gryllus) assimilis assimilis (Fabricius, 1775)". Orthoptera Species File. Retrieved 2015-05-11.
2. Huber, Franz (1989). Cricket Behavior and Neurobiology. Cornell University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8014-2272-0.
3. Choate, Paul M. (2014-05-01). "Jamaican field cricket". Featured Creatures. University of Florida. Retrieved 2015-05-11.
4. Jamaica (1932). Annual General Report Together with the Departmental Reports. p. 210.
5. Rosemary Parker (19 January 2012). "Following Cricket Paralysis Virus catastrophe, Top Hat Cricket Farm in Portage rebuilds it business". Michigan Live.
6. "Weissman, D. B., Gray, D. A., Pham, H. T., & Tijssen, P. (2012). Billions and billions sold: pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make a potential disaster. Zootaxa, 3504(6)" (PDF).
7. Shestakov L. S. (2012). "A problem of taxonomic status of "banana cricket" from culture of the Moscow Zoo insectarium". Entomological Review. 92 (3): 262–270. doi:10.1134/S0013873812030025.