Granodiorite

Granodiorite ( /ˌɡrænoʊˈdaɪəraɪt, -nə-/)[1][2] is a phaneritic-textured intrusive igneous rock similar to granite, but containing more plagioclase feldspar than orthoclase feldspar. According to the QAPF diagram, granodiorite has a greater than 20% quartz by volume, and between 65% to 90% of the feldspar is plagioclase. A greater amount of plagioclase would designate the rock as tonalite.

A sample of granodiorite from Massif Central, France
QAPF diagram for classification of plutonic rocks
Mineral assemblage of igneous rocks
Photomicrograph of thin section of granodiorite from Slovakia (in crossed polarised light)

Granodiorite is felsic to intermediate in composition. It is the intrusive igneous equivalent of the extrusive igneous dacite. It contains a large amount of sodium (Na) and calcium (Ca) rich plagioclase, potassium feldspar, quartz, and minor amounts of muscovite mica as the lighter colored mineral components. Biotite and amphiboles often in the form of hornblende are more abundant in granodiorite than in granite, giving it a more distinct two-toned or overall darker appearance. Mica may be present in well-formed hexagonal crystals, and hornblende may appear as needle-like crystals. Minor amounts of oxide minerals such as magnetite, ilmenite, and ulvöspinel, as well as some sulfide minerals may also be present.

Geology

On average, the upper continental crust has the same composition as granodiorite.

Granodiorite is a plutonic igneous rock, formed by intrusion of silica-rich magma, which cools in batholiths or stocks below the Earth's surface. It is usually only exposed at the surface after uplift and erosion have occurred.

Etymology

The name comes from two related rocks to which granodiorite is an intermediate: granite and diorite. The gran- root comes from the Latin grānum for "grain", an English language derivative. Diorite is named after the contrasting colors of the rock.

Occurrence

United States

Plymouth Rock is a glacial erratic boulder of granodiorite. The Sierra Nevada mountains contain large sections of granodiorite.

Egypt

Granodiorite was quarried at Mons Claudianus in the Red Sea Governorate in eastern Egypt from the 1st century AD to the mid-3rd century AD. Much of the quarried stone was transported to Rome for use in major projects such as the Pantheon and Hadrian's Villa. Additionally, granodiorite was used for the Rosetta Stone.

The extent of Egyptian granodiorite masonry is unclear. Egypt's 6000-year history makes determining the period of usage difficult as well. Perhaps like porphyry, it was ignored by the successive dynasties of Egypt and only heavily mined during Ptolemaic or Roman times. This is evidenced by the fact that most examples of granodiorite sculpture seem to have come from later dates. However, its presence in the Rosetta Stone implies that they had considerable experience with it and the fact that only newer artifacts are found may simply be because earlier pieces were lost.

Uses

Granodiorite is most often used as crushed stone for road building. It is also used as construction material, building facade, and paving, and as an ornamental stone.[3] The Rosetta Stone is a stele made from granodiorite.[4] The portico columns of the Pantheon in Rome are formed from single shafts of granodiorite, each 12 metres tall by 1.5 metres in diameter.

gollark: No, Intel stuff is affected by both, basically every modern one including ARM by spectre.
gollark: I'm pretty worried about the effects of Spectre/Meltdown. Apparently Spectre, at least, affects basically all modern/high-performance CPUs, and can't be patched without large performance drops. It probably wouldn't have been an awful vulnerability to have around probably a few decades ago, but now basically everything executes some untrusted code (JS in browsers, cloud providers running people's workloads, etc.) Which probably means a significant security/speed tradeoff, and there's not really any right way for that to go...
gollark: https://xkcd.com/2115/
gollark: If you want to know, it's a picture of lemons.
gollark: They sound somehow worrying.

See also

References
  •  This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document: "Granodiorite definition".[5][6].
  1. "Granodiorite". Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  2. "Granodiorite". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  3. Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Specialized Microscopy Techniques – Polarized Light Microscopy Gallery – Granodiorite. Micro.magnet.fsu.edu. Retrieved on 2015-11-19.
  4. Image gallery: The Rosetta Stone. British Museum (2015-03-20). Retrieved on 2015-11-19.
  5. "Granodiorite". Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  6. "Granodiorite". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
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