Gonipterus scutellatus

Gonipterus scutellatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Family:	Curculionidae
Subfamily:	Curculioninae
Tribe:	Gonipterini
Genus:	Gonipterus
Species:	G. scutellatus
Binomial name
	Gonipterus scutellatus; Gyllenhal, 1833
Synonyms
	Gonipterus platensis Marelli, 1927 [1]

Gonipterus scutellatus is a species of weevil in the family Curculionidae. It is commonly known as the eucalyptus snout beetle, the eucalyptus weevil or the gum tree weevil. It feeds and breeds on Eucalyptus trees and is endemic to Australia.[2]

Description

This weevil is greyish-brown with a light coloured transverse band. It is about thirteen millimetres long and not readily distinguishable from the closely related weevil, Gonipterus gibberus, which shares the same common names. The larvae are yellowish-green with black markings and have three dark green stripes on the abdomen which distinguish them from larvae of G. gibberus.[2]

Host plants

Eucalyptus trees are the only hosts for the gum tree weevil. The species most susceptible to attack include Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus maidenii, Eucalyptus punctata, Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus smithii and Eucalyptus viminalis.[2]

Distribution

The gum tree weevil is endemic to Australia where Eucalyptus trees are native. The weevil has spread to China, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, St. Helena, Swaziland, Uganda, Zimbabwe etc. Also to Brazil, Chile and Uruguay and the United States, and in Europe to France, Italy, France, Portugal and Spain.[2]

Life history

Over a period of about three months, adult female gum tree weevils lay about two hundred eggs in batches of about ten in grey coloured capsules. These are attached to the upper or lower sides of the leaves and hatch after about a week. The larvae begin to feed on leaves and young shoots. After moulting three times, the larvae crawl or fall to the ground where they pupate a few centimetres beneath the surface. The weevil's life cycle takes seven to eleven weeks from egg laying to maturity, depending on the temperature. In Mauritius there are about four generations annually and the weevils breed throughout the year. In South Africa there are two generations and they overwinter as adults.[2]

Significance

The gum tree weevil is of little economic significance in Australia where it has natural enemies. In other countries where Eucalyptus has been introduced, that is not the case. Adult gum tree weevils feed mostly on leaves and the soft bark of twigs while the larvae feed mostly on leaves. Heavy infestations cause die back of shoots which may result in the development of epicormic shoots. Repeated defoliations may cause the splitting and death of branches or even whole trees.[3] The egg parasite Anaphes nitens, a wasp which is native to Australia, has been introduced to other countries as a biological control agent to control the gum tree weevil. This has been successful in Mauritius where in two years, incidence of the gum tree weevil has been much reduced.[4] More recently, successful control has also been obtained in Italy and France,[5] and in Spain.[6]

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References

Marelli CA (1927) [The eucalyptus weevil found in Argentina is not the same as the Tasmanian species Gonipterus scutellatus.] Revista Museo La Plata 30, 257–269 (in Spanish).
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Gonipterus gibberus and Gonipterus scutellatus Archived 2017-01-16 at the Wayback Machine
Leyva E (1969) [Present situation of the pests on Eucalyptus sp. world-wide.] Boletín del Servicio de Plagas Forestales 24, 119–128 (in Spanish).
Williams JR, Moutia LA & Hermelin PR (1951) The biological control of Gonipterus scutellatus in Mauritius. Bulletin of Entomological Research 42, 23–28.
Cadahia D (1986) The importance of insect pests in the Mediterranean region. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 16, 265–283.
Rivera AC, Carbone SS & Andres JA (1999) Life cycle and biological control of the Eucalyptus snout beetle by Anaphes nitens in north-west Spain. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 1, 103–109.

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[1] Marelli CA (1927) [The eucalyptus weevil found in Argentina is not the same as the Tasmanian species Gonipterus scutellatus.] Revista Museo La Plata 30, 257–269 (in Spanish).

[EPPO-2] European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Data sheets on quarantine pests: Gonipterus gibberus and Gonipterus scutellatus Archived 2017-01-16 at the Wayback Machine

[3] Leyva E (1969) [Present situation of the pests on Eucalyptus sp. world-wide.] Boletín del Servicio de Plagas Forestales 24, 119–128 (in Spanish).

[4] Williams JR, Moutia LA & Hermelin PR (1951) The biological control of Gonipterus scutellatus in Mauritius. Bulletin of Entomological Research 42, 23–28.

[5] Cadahia D (1986) The importance of insect pests in the Mediterranean region. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 16, 265–283.

[6] Rivera AC, Carbone SS & Andres JA (1999) Life cycle and biological control of the Eucalyptus snout beetle by Anaphes nitens in north-west Spain. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 1, 103–109.