Goniothalamus velutinus

Goniothalamus velutinus is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Borneo.[1] Herbert Airy Shaw,[2] the English botanist who first formally described the species, named it after the dense velvety (velutinus in Latin) hair on its branchlets and petioles.[3][4]

Goniothalamus velutinus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Genus: Goniothalamus
Species:
G. velutinus
Binomial name
Goniothalamus velutinus

Description

It is a tree reaching 6 meters in height. Its smooth, dark grey to black, young branches are covered in dense, rust-colored, velvety hairs. Its cylindrical petioles are 1.3-2.2 by 0.5-0.8 centimeters and covered in dense, rust-colored, velvety hairs. Its papery to leathery, oblong to lance-shaped leaves are 24-60 by 6.5-12.5 centimeters with rounded apices that end in an abrupt, tapering tip and pointed bases. The leaves have margins that are curved toward underside with upper surfaces that are brown to green and covered in fine hairs, and lower surfaces that are green to brown and covered in dense, matted, woolly hairs. The leaf midribs are sunken, grooved and covered with hair on the upper surface; raised and covered in dense, matted, velvety to wooly hairs beneath. The leaves have 22-25 pairs of secondary veins emanating from their midribs. Its green flowers have 6 petals arranged in two rows of three. The flowers are born on pedicels that are 5-9 millimeters long. The pedicels have up to 4 bracts that are 2-4 millimeters long at their base. Its triangular to oval sepals are 7 by 4 millimeters with pointed tips. The sepals are fused over a short portion of their base. The oval to lance-shaped outer petals are 10–14 by 4–6 millimeters with pointed to tapering tips and rounded bases. A portion of the inner surface of the outer petals is covered in dense, matted, woolly hairs. The oval inner petals are 5–10 by 2–4 millimeters. The basal 4 millimeters of the inner petals are wedge-shaped, and their tips are tightly fused. The margins of the inner petals are curved back and covered in dense, woolly hairs. Its flowers have approximately 140 oblong to wedge-shaped stamen that are 2 millimeters long. The connective tissue between the lobes of the anther forms a hemispherical cap that is covered in dense, minute hairs. Its flowers have 12-16 oval to spindle-shaped carpels that are 2 millimeters long with negligible styles. The bases of the carpels are covered in long rust-colored hairs. Its stigmas are small and minutely bilobed.[3][5][6][7]

Reproductive biology

The pollen of G. velutinus is shed as permanent tetrads.[8]

Habitat and distribution

It has been observed growing in peat swamps and by streams in primary forests at elevations below 300 meters.[6][3]

Uses

Bioactive compounds extracted from its bark have been reported to have antioxidant activities using in vitro tests, anti-biofilm activity in tests with Streptococcus mutans and Proteus mirabilis, and cytostatic activity in tests with cultured human cancer cells.[9][10]

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gollark: ++data get apioforms
gollark: Praise the :apioform:, yes.
gollark: <:bees:724389994663247974> you.
gollark: RPNCalcV4 is* written in RPNCalcV4.

References
  1. "Goniothalamus velutinus Airy Shaw". Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  2. Radcliffe-Smith, A; Harley, R.M. (1987). "H. K. Airy Shaw, 1902-1985". Kew Bulletin. 42 (1): 3–21. JSTOR 4109893.
  3. Airy-Shaw, H. K. (1939). "Additions to the Flora of Borneo and Other Malay Islands: XII. The Annonaceae of the Oxford University Expedition to Sarawak, 1932". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew) (in Latin and English). 1939 (6): 275–290. doi:10.2307/4111738. ISSN 0366-4457. JSTOR 4111738.
  4. Stearn, William (2004). Botanical Latin. Portland, Ore. Newton Abbot: Timber Press David & Charles. ISBN 9780881926279.
  5. Blunden, G.; Kyi, Aye; Jewers, K. (1973). "The comparative leaf anatomy of Goniothamus andersonii, G. macrophyllus, G. malayanus and G. velutinus". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 67 (4): 361–376. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1973.tb02553.x. ISSN 0024-4074.
  6. Blunden, G.; Kyi, Aye; Jewers, K. (1974). "The comparative stem and root anatomy of Goniothalamus andersonii, G. macrophyllus, G. malayanus and G. velutinus (Annonaceae) from the peat swamps of Sarawak". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 68 (3): 209–225. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1974.tb01759.x. ISSN 0024-4074.
  7. Turner, Ian M.; Saunders, Richard M. K. (2008). "Four new species of Goniothalamus (Annonaceae) from Borneo". Nordic Journal of Botany. 26 (5–6): 329–337. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2008.00359.x. ISSN 0107-055X.
  8. Walker, James W. (1971). "Pollen Morphology, Phytogeography, and Phylogeny of the Annonaceae". Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University. 202 (202): 1–130. JSTOR 41764703.
  9. Iqbal, Erum; Salim, Kamariah Abu; Lim, Linda B.L. (2015). "Phytochemical screening, total phenolics and antioxidant activities of bark and leaf extracts of Goniothalamus velutinus (Airy Shaw) from Brunei Darussalam". Journal of King Saud University - Science. 27 (3): 224–232. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2015.02.003. ISSN 1018-3647.
  10. Iqbal, Erum; Lim, Linda B.L.; Salim, Kamariah Abu; Faizi, Shaheen; Ahmed, Ayaz; Mohamed, Abddalla Jama (2018). "Isolation and characterization of aristolactam alkaloids from the stem bark of Goniothalamus velutinus (Airy Shaw) and their biological activities". Journal of King Saud University – Science. 30 (1): 41–48. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2016.12.008. ISSN 1018-3647.
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